1 Title: 1 Surveillance of bat coronaviruses in Kenya identifies relatives of human coronaviruses NL63 2 and 229E and their recombination history 3 4 Running title: 5 Bat origin of human coronaviruses 6 7 Authors: 8 Ying Tao1#, Mang Shi2#, Christina Chommanard1, Krista Queen1, Jing Zhang1, Wanda 9 Markotter3, Ivan V. Kuzmin4†, Edward C. Holmes2, Suxiang Tong1* 10 11 Affiliations: 12 1 Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, 13 USA; 2Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, 14 School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of 15 Sydney, Sydney, Australia; 3Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, 16 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; 4Division of High 17 Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, 18 GA 30333, USA. 19 # Y.T. and M.S. contributed equally to this work 20 † Present address: Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 21 TX 77555, USA. 22 * Correspondence to: Dr. Suxiang Tong, 23 1600 Clifton Rd, mail stop G18, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333; Tel: 4046391372; Email: