A Dictionary · foBre lvieers andN onbelievers l�lnl PROGRESSP UBLISHERS Moscow Translatferdo mt heR ussianb yC atherJiundee /son CJiosa.JpJ.JUIb s epyiow,"u Hxesepyiow,ux Ha aHlJlUUcstK3Obl.MK e 1985 : ©" IlOJUiTH3]:\aT"'" ATeHCTH•1eCCKJHlHO Bapb"' 1989 Englisthr ansla©t iPornogrePsusb lishers Printiendt he Unioonf S oviSeotc ialRiesptu blics 04 -4293 2-88 c 00000(00100104 )-89 ISBN5 -01-000455-0 PREFACE Thidsi ctiiostn haferr yuo ifmt a nyye awrosr'uk n dertbayak l eanr ge grooufsp c hoflraotrmhs Ue S SaRn odt hseorc icaoluinstItrit ids ee ss.i gned foarlt lh owsheoa re intienor rwe osrtkoeindqn uge strieoqnusia sr ciinegn ­ tiafipcp rotaomc aht toefrr esl iTghideoi nc.t ihoanasal rmy2o ,s5te00 n tries anidit n clauw diedrsea nogfte e rmss etrthvoare te fltehmceot d eartnt ain­ mentpsh iolfo asnondpa htyu srcailea nncadel tshoo osfMe a rxriesste arch inqtuoe stoifro enlsi gion. Entraireaesr r anignae ldp haboertdiaecnracd,le rtwaoirnad rspe i cked ouitni tatloii ncdsi tchasatptee ceinatlra irdeees v ottote hde eml sewihne re thdei cti(oen.aigrnt.y h een ternyt iLtAlWeSdO FN ATUR"En atural scieinpsci ec"ko euidtni taalnildca stt ehrei rases epaernattrey devoted to iwth iecxha mitnheceso ncienmp otr dee taDialt)oe.fst hfee stcievla­ls ebraitnte hdOe r thodox Cghiuvareccnch o radrtiehnJ egu ltioa n Calendar, whitlhede a taec cortdoti hnGegr egoCrailaenn idsga irva elno ngisni de brackets. Thep eriooftd h rei asenc do nsoliodfca atpiiotnia nEl uirsomap ned NorAtmhe ri(c1ta7h1 -9tche ntuirrsie efse)tr ori ent dhd iisc tiaostn haer y ModeErrna a,t erwmi dealcyc epitnte hdpe r esenSto-vdihaeiyts torical . science. A AARONITES,a dheroefan t trse nidn1 89c7o,m mentoantr hiKeeo sr an, withtihneO ldB eliesvcehriss'am n da rtiocnlt ehrsee foromfM os­ whiscphl aiwtai ynt hsee cohnadl fl ecmo uarntldsa w. oft h1e8 tche ntfruormyt hBee pzo­ povtTsyh.en amoef t htirse wnads ABELARDP,i err(e1 079-1142), derifrvoemtd h nea moefi tfso undFerre nscchh olpahsitliocs tohpehoe­r, Andr(eAia rZohnu)k Uonvl.i tkhee l ogainapdno eHte.w afsa moausas BezpopotvhtAesa yr,o nrietceosgt ­eacahnemdra stoefpr o lemHiec s. nizceidv mialr riaangdre esj ecsteegtdr esattob ryte h peh iloasnodp hy extraesmcee ticism. cultoufcr lea ssainctailqA ubiet­y. larpdh'isl oswoapcshh ya racterized ABAYaAc ,o vewrhiintcghh Se h ariab yr ationHaesl tirsemts.hs neee de d demandtsh aMto slewmo ment os ubstadnotgimaoatffse a iwtiht h shouwledao ru tstihdceeo nfoifn eksn owlewdhgieac,ch t usaelrlvtyeo d thehiorm Teh.e a bacyoan cetahleus n dermCihnrei sdtoigmaanA. b e­ shapoeft hefiigru raensdc overlsa rcdo nsidtehratethds e o urocfe thebiord wyi tthh ee xcepotfi oCnh rismtoiraawnla sss o -canlalteud­ thefaice.r ramlo ralHiitswy r.i tiinngcsl ude "SiectN on("Y easn dN o)a nd ABBE(Ya,a) b uilidnihnagb biyt "eHdi slCoarliaam it(aTlhuSemt "o ry ac ommunoifmt oyn kosrn ungso v­ofM yD isastanea rust)o,b iographi­ ernbeyda na bboorta bbe(sbsa); cawlo rk. churbcuhin letas ru cahb uilfdoirn g thues oeft hmeo nkosrn un(cs );t heA BELIToErAS B ELIAaNneS a,r ly communoifmt oyn kosrn unlsi viCnhgr issteicoatfan G nospteircs ua­ int hbeu ilddeisncgr aibboevde . sioTnh.ne a me dwearsif vreotdmh e namoeft hsee cosnodon fA damin ABBOnTa,m foer t hseu peorfai no rt he BibAlbee wlsh,toa o lrtyh,o ugh abboefym onkisnW esteErunr opheew amsa rraicecdo,r tdoti hnbege ­ frotmh 5et che ntAu.rDyo. n wardlsi.eo ffst heA belirteemsa,i ned Inl esssp ecuisfaitgche we o rids chasFtoel.l otwhieen xga mpolfe usesdi mptlody e siganp artieine sAtb etlh,Ae b elittoeowski vbeust thReo maCnat hoClhuircch . themiarr riwaegreneso ct onsum­ mateCdo.u plbeesl ontgoit nhgi s ABDURM,u hamm(a1d8 49-1s90e5cw)to, u ladd oapy to unbgoa yn d theololgeiaadfinig,nu gar nerd e fogri­wrhlo,w oumladk aev olwo e nter meorf Il sa,ma l ectauttr heMero s­int hetiurra mn a rrioaftg hese a me leaml -AzUhnairv earnsGdir tayn,d k ind. Muftio fE gyfrpotm 1 899H.e s pent thyee a1r8s8 3-i1ne8 xi8l9'Ae b.d uhA BHDIHAMMA( "HighDeorc ­ wrotae" TreaotniM soeno theitsrmi"nS ee"Te)rip .i taka. 6 ABLUTION ABLUTIrOiNot,fer itculaela nstihnaegn ciJeenwtir sehl igbieofonr,e witwha toefrv aripoaursot fst het hrei otfce ic rumsciiownaa sd opted. bodbye forteh eex ecuotfsi oomne T heA brahalmiitktheeJe se wbse ­ sacraec(dtr eapdrianygee nrtse,r liinegiv noe ndGe o di,nt hiem mortality ah ouosfew orshtiapkp,ia nrgit na oft hseo uolb,s eravsse adc rtehde religicoeulse breattcpi.ro)an c tiSsaebdb daatyha, n dd indo eta pto rk byt haed heroefJn udtasi sImls,a m etcF.r otmh Oel dT estaemntth ey andan umboefCr h rissteicaItnns .o nlayc cepttheTede nC ommand­ manrye litgihoenersxie s tthsre i olfe ment(sD ecaloagnudfe r)o tmh e washaid nega pde rsionon r dteor New Tetsametnhte P aternoster. caroruyrt i tculaela nbseifonrbgeu ­Therye jetchtCeeh dr isdtoigamna s riIanla n. umboefCr h rismtoivaen­o ft hTerin ityt,hi ed eoafG odm ade mentfso,er x ampalmeo,nA gdv en­fle(srhe gaCrhdriinmsget r ealsay tsittsh,e orfwi alseh fieniegpst r acp­ioumsa n)C,h risstaiacamrnes n t tiswehdi,cc ahbn e t racbeadct ko anrdi t(ubaulfotsrp ractriecaaslo ns thset oirnty h Nee wT etsametnot t hebya ptitzheedci hri ldarnedn thee ffect JsetuhsaC thri sth ad marriiencd h urcIhno) r.d etro washtehdfee e olf h idsi sciTphlee usn.d ertmhisene etc htAe b rahamites sourocfte hse rsiela ertseob ef oundw erdee porttote hdbe o rderolfa nds ina nciceonntc eprteigoanrsd intgh Aeut shterE imapnii rnea ,c cordance magicpaolw oefrw ater. witahn e dipcrto mulgbaytt heed KaisoefAr u stJroisae,Ip I(h 1 741- ABRAHAtMh,Be i blical 1p7a90t)rS.io aornac fthe rwartdhses ect venerbaytJ eedw Csh,r isatnida bnrso ukpe. Mosle(miIsns lhamei sk itowans IbrahHiem i)s.r egaradset dh eA BU--'LALUAl -MA'A(R9R7I3 - foundeorf t heH ebrepwe opl1e0 5o7r 1 058A)r,a bipaonea tn d (throhuisgsoh In s aaacn)do ft het hinfrkoemtr h teo wonfM 'ararna­t Arapbe op(ltehsr ohuigssho nI s­Nu'ma(nS yrHiiasc) o.l leocft ion maiRle)l.i gious ltirtnaotkd h ietp iooenm"ssL uzumi(yOybalti"go aft ion namoefA brahtahmse t aorfbt e litehfCe o mpulbsrooruyhg)ih imtn ter­ ino nGeo dt,h ceo ncloufsac i oonn­ natiroencaolg.n aintadil osanco o l­ traocrct o venwaintGtho ds,t renlge­ctoiflo ent toentr hsse u bjoefc t thenbeytd h rei otefc icrucmisiofno.r give"nReisssa,ul la-tG hufran", Thel egecnodnsc erAnbirnagh aamn adf urtchoelrl eocflt eitootnne rs andh ifsa mi(lfyoe rx amptlhee,t hseu bjoefac ntg els, "Risalat ul­ stoorfty h sea croiffI iscareae cf)l eM catl a'iiknwa h"i,c hhec riticized pre-Bicbolniccetaphlta csta ne vit­raditMioosnlaeclmo ncepotfi ons denbtelt yr acbeadct kot hceu olft libfee yotnhdge r aavnetd h ied eoaf Abrahaasamt ridbeailt y. predaetsti.ioH nnem aintatihnaetd thEea retmhe rgaestd hr ee soufal t ABRAHAMIaTs EeSco,tfd eiisnt sn atuprraolc ess. Bohemwihai ecmhe rgweidt htihne RomaCnat hoClhuircch i nt he 1A8CtAhT HISsTpUeSc,Ci haulrs cehr ­ centSutrayr.ot uiftnr got mht ee achv­iceisnt heE asteOrrtnh odox inogft hHeu ssitthAeebs r,a hamCihtuercshc onsisotfpi annge gyrical, declatrheedm setlobv efoe lsl owelrasu dastoonragyns pd r ayienhr osn ­ of" Abrahoarmi'ginsfa ali tih."eo,.u ro fJ seusC hristO,u r ,L ady ADONIS 7 MothoefGr o da,n tdh sea iTnhtess.e t hfier smta na ndp rogenoiftt hoer serviacreecs o nducstteadn dihnugm,ar na chea,si ,ni ttsu rbne,ei nn ­ witallhw orshippapretrisc ipactoirnpgo.ri antItlseoad m . ACOSTA,U rielS.e eD a Costa,A DAMITgEeSn,e ralfo rrn ealmieg ­ Uriel. iousse cwthsi ccahl lfoerad r eturn tot hsei nlleiisfnpse a raednijsoey ed ACTSO Fm E APOSTLTEHSE,, b yA dama nEdv ep,r eacthhededi ­ oneo ft hBeo okwsh ictho,g ethveirnn ea tuorfne a tuferealli andgvso,­ witthhG eo spetlhEsep, i sotflt ehsec atneadk edannedscs o mmunoift y Apostalnedts h Ree velaoftS ito.pn r opeerttcIy.nt hlea t1e4 tahn d Johnt he Di(vanAi pnoecy aplse)e,a r1l5ytc he ntutrhiteee sa choifn gs formt hNee wT esatmenTth.efi rstt hAed amistperset ahdr oBuuglhg a­ 12c hapotfet rhAsec tosft hAep ostr­iaan dB ohemTiha.eA damiitne s letse olflt hper eacohfiC nhgr isB­ohemmiaad uep t hlee wfti nogf tianbiytt hyAe p osPtelteae mro ngt hTeab oritTehse.tir e achwienrges thJee wTsh.ne e x1t6c haptteeolrfls a imeadg aienxsptl oiatnadvt ii­on thper eacbhyit nhgAe p osPtaluel o lenacnead,g aipnrsitv ate property. amontghh ee athTheinas.l luoswt so Therye jecatlkelid n odfsC hurch assutmheta htA ec tosft hAep ostloersg anizraetliiogirnoi,ut suan adl s refleacc te rtsatiaingn te h hei stotrhyfe a mily. ofC hristwihaeninitw t ayst, u rning froma uJd aisseticintcta uo n iverAsDaIl- BUDD(HSAan s"kertietr nal religieomnb,r acmianngpy e opleBsu.d dhIant" h)M.ea hayainmtae ant Churtcrha diatsicornti hbaeeu st ht­hseu prefemaet urseulbesstsia nn ce orsohiftp hA ec tosft hAep osttloe tsh weo rlSdo.m etiimitesi s d entified StL.u kYee.at c omparaantailvyewis tihNsi rv ana. oft hceo ntaennfodtr mo ft hBioso k andt heG ospealc cordtion AgD I GRAN(TPHu njwaobrid s StL.u kseh otwhsia ctta mfreo mt hem eani"nfigr sbto ok"t)h.,eh oly peno fd ifferaeuntth soerpsa rastcerdi potfuS riekhsi scmo mpiilne d fromo naen otihnte irm beys evertahlle a t1e6 tahn de ar1l7yt che n­ decadMeosr.e otvheAerc ,t osft het uriTehse.o riginoaftl h eA di Apostslheosun lodbt e.r egaradse Gdr antihsk epitn t heG olden ani ntegrwaolrb ke lontgiona g Temp-lteh Sei kmhoss'it m portant singaluet hIotir s.t ob ea ssumepdl aocfew ors-hiintp h teo wno f thatthA ec tosft hAep ostwleerseA mritsar. writatfteetnrh Eep istilnte hssee, c ­ onhdal off t h2en cde ntury. ADONASIe.Yea h we.h ADAM( thHee brweowr mde aninAgD ONIiSnc, l assmiyctahlo lao gy, "man"A)cc.o rdtiont ghB ei lbet,h ey ouotfrh e markbaebaluaetv ye,g e­ firsmta no nE artchr,e abtyeG do d tatsipoinwr hiotds,ee a atnhrd e turn inh ioswn imagaen da ftehisr own tol irfee pretshedene tc oafyn ature likefrnoemst shd eu sotft hgreo undi.nw intaneidrt rse viivnsa plr iHneg . TheB ibslteo orfyA damc anb e wasfi rswto rshiipnpP ehdo enicia tracbeadct kot hmey tohfsa ncieanntSd yr ibau,it nt h5et che ntBu.rCy. MesopotaTmhiefia g.u orfeA dam,t hceu oltfA donbiesg taons pread, 8 ADVENilSTS firsitnG reeacnedt helna,t i((nr ,r esurroenct thdeead y o fC hrist's Rome. Feisnhto invooaufAlr ds o nicso miLnigfo.en e aritsgrh a ntteod werhee lidnt hsep riCnlget.ar ra cmeas no nlaysp reparfoartt ihoant oft hien fluoeftn hcceeu a lrtte ob e dayh,e ntchede e mafnodtr h ien di­ founidnt hGeo spnealr raotfti hveev iduaals ptinoro eot n ltyo moral deatahn dr esurreocfJt eiusos n b uatl stoop hyspiecrafelc ttioo n, Christ. whiecnhad c odoefr ulfoerhs e althy livwianisgn trodwuhciiecndmh ,a ny ADVEN TISTfoSl,l owoefar r se lirge­spaercaettv s a riwaintmchee d ical ioutsr ewnhdi cehm ergweidt hirne commendOabtsieornvsao.tf i on Prottaenstiints hmfe i rhsatlo fft het hTee nC ommandmeinsct osm pul­ 19tche ntiuntr hyUe S AI.nh ibso oks oforryA dventinip satrst,it chuel ar, "EvidfreonmcS ec ripatnudHri es ­FourCtohm mandmwehnitcd he ­ toorfyt hSee coCnodm ionfCg h rismta,n dtshm aatn o bsetrhvSeea bbath AboutthY ee a1r8 43t"hfo,eu ndears a d aoyf r esTth.eA dvenatries ts oft htirse Wnidl,l Miialml( e1r7 82a-lrseoq uitorc eodn trait biutothree 1849)b,a shedic sa lculaastt oi otnesnp tahro tft heiinrc otmote h eir thdea toeft hSee coCnodmi nogn ChurcThh.e a uthoorfi·t t hye referefrnocmte hsBe o okosft he" propheEtlleesnGs o"u lWhdi te, Prpohe(tistn h Bei eb.)lH itse achiwnhgo se wovreknse roaanrat ep e adr watsa kuepmn a inwliytt hhirena nkwsi tthh Bei bilsae c,c epwtietdh out oft hpee tbtoyu rgetohiwasaties ex ­questTihoeSn e.v eDnatyAh d ven­ perienpcriinvga tdiuornitsnh ge t isetnsg aignea ctimvies sionary eardleyv eloopfmc eanpti tparloi­wsotr akn da rceo nsteaxnptalnyd ing · ductrieolna tiinto hnUesS AT.h e thepiurb liaschtiinvgTi hteriyue ns . failoufMr iel lperro'psh deicndyo th undroefhd oss piatnacdll si niinc s shatkheAe d ventbieslitinasen if' m ­whitchhe pyr opatghaet"ietr i dings mineSnetc oCnodm inwgh,it chhe yo fs alvatAiloltn h"ih.se lptsh e beliweovueuldsd h ientr h Mei lleCnh­urocfth h See veDnatyAh d ven­ niu-mC hrisrte'isgo nf g loryt­is(tfso unidn1e 8d6 t3o)s wetlhle whiwcohu lldaa st th ousyaenadr rsa.n kosfi tmse mbenrusm bering TheA dvenmtoivsetm leanttse prl inte artlhyr meiel lTihoenm .a jority inatn ou mboefgrr o upTsh.le a rgelsiitvn Ae m eraincAdaf rica. oft heisste h aotft hSee veDnatyh Advesnttswi,h ostee achairnegA sE OLUgSo,do ft hwei nidnst he basoendt hbee ltiheatfth S ee conmdy thoolfoA gnyc iGernete Lcaet.e Comiinsig m mintehnattth, e wriel cll aswsriictaaellr sosof tceonn fused bet hDeay ofJ udegmenatn dt hath imw itthh mey tholeopgoincyaml Chriwsirtle li ogvne trh rei ghte(oaunsc eosftt hoGerr )e etkr iobfte h e foart housyaenadTr hseh. i stoofr Aye olians. mankiinssd e eans a na ge-long strubgegtlweeC ehnr iasntdS atanA,E SCULAPtIhUgeSo ,odf h ealing whiche nwdwi ilttlhh deo wnfoafl ilnR omamnyt holohgyi:sG reek Satahno'sTsth .e onltyos aplavtcaho­ untewraApssa crlte pius. tioinst oa dotphtAe d venfatiitsht. ' ThAed vendteinstythi sem mortaAlEiISt,RTy H E·i, nS·c andimnyatvhi­an oft hseo udle,c latrhiainttgd ieso lotghype,r incGiopdaTslh. ew ord togewtihtethrh beo dsyoa st ob e isa lsuos esdo metitmode esn ote AGRARIAN CULTS 9 godisng eneTrhaepl r.i ncGiopdasll i eoffts h Aen ciIenndti Aagnnsi, inclOuddi,enTh orB,a ldHeeri,m ­wast heem bodiomfeH notlF yi re, dal(!t hgeu ardoifBa infr o-tshte p osseosfasp eudr ifyfionrgc e. rainbbroiwbd eget wHeeeanv aennd EartBhr)a,(g gioo dfp oetVriyd)a,Ar G NUDSE i(L a"talimnbo fG od"). (goodft hfeo reFsotrss)(e,ct uis tToh­iCsh risttiearnms ymbolizes diaonft hter utUhl)l,(e gro odf Chriwshtso aificcrehdi msteoel xfp i­ huntiFnriggg)I,,d un(ag oddoefs ast mee ns'isn Tsh.ei magceo ntains youtSha}g(,ag oddoefls esg endsa)ne. l emoefnt to tempiesrmm eating thmey tahb oJuetus sC hriIsntt h.e AGAK HAN,t hhee redtiittoalfre yA p ocyaplsea,n da lsion s ome thhee aodft hSeh il'simtaei lisp.r ayaenrdsr eligcieoruesm onies, Jesuissp rocla"iimmemda culate AGAP(Ea,a}G reweokr fodr" lovel"a,m ba"n,de arClhyr isfrteisacno es usebdyt hBei blwirciattleo ar vso idde pihciatms a s hephcearrdr ay ing thsee nsausaslo cioaftt hioeor ndsil ­amobnh issh oul(dtehimreas g oef narGyr eneoku "ne roisit"us ;s etdo a" gosohde pherd"). denotthleeo ovfeG odo,rt hleo ovfe Chrisfotroi naaenn so t(hbea)cr o;m ­AGOINSTICmS,e mberosf a munamle a(ls uppteark)be ynt hed emocrCahtriicss teiicantRn o man earClhyr isttoci oamnmse motrhaetA ef ritcearnr iitnot rhi4eet sah nd LasStu ppoefCr h rainstdth Aep ost5­tche ntuArDi.we,sh oc onstituted leLsa.t tehrpi rsa cwtaifoscr eb iddtehnle e wfitn ogft hDeo natTihset s. byt hCeh urch. membeorfst hsee cwte rder awn fotrh em ospta rfrto mt hre ural AGGINOARMENT(OI ta"lrieannep ­oorh,u sbandamnedns ,l aves. wala"t )e,ru ms etdoc onvtehayet ­Thepyr eached aas wcietthi­cism, tempattr enewoaftl h Re omand rawfarlow mo rlmdaltyt veorlsu,n ­ CathoClhuicrc ha,i meadta djusttianrmgya rtyradnodvm i ewtehdoe f ­ itdso gmaa npda ttoefwr onrss thoi fipc iCahlu racsht heen emoyft he presencto-nddaiytP ioopnJeos h.n t rufaei tThh.e A gonispteircsse ­ XXIIuIs etdh tiesr tmoe xprtehsesc utperdi easntdds e strcohyuerdc h endeavboylu erasdo eftr hsRe o manb uildIitin sag lssk.on owtnh atth ey CathCohluirctc omh a kietp arotf lelda rgeu-psrciaslaiegn agitsnh set thmeo dedrynn,a wmoircbl ydm od­RomaEnm pire. erniiztiisnd ge as, anldsi ttruurcg­y turTeh.ae i omfA ggiornwaamse AntGoR ARICAUNL TaSs ,y stoefrm e ­ tom akReo maCna tholaim coirselm i giroiutasen scd o ncepts associated flexirbelleia gnitdoo en q uiiwtpi thw itahg ricuTlhtebu ergei.n noifn gs morseu btmleea nosfi nfluencaignrgac ruiliatnnts hf eo romfa grarian peopTlheep. r ograomfAm geg iomra­giwce rceo mmoenv eante arly namewnatsro a tibfiyte hdSe e consdt agoefcs e rtpaeionp ldeesv'e lop­ VatiCcoaunn acniedlx pouinnda e dm entA. s ystoefam g rarciualnt s serioefds o cumeanptpsr obvye dt o.os khawpiet thh eem ergeonfc e thCaotu ncil. well-dervuerlcaoolpm emdu n1n e s. histotreircmtashlc,i o si ncwiidtehd AGNIo,no ef t hmea igno dosft het hter anspietriioboned t weperne ­ ·V edriec.li gi.Ao cncortdoit nhbgee -claasnsdc lassosc ieAtgriaersi.a n