OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,14/5/2015,SPi A History of the Irish Language OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,14/5/2015,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,14/5/2015,SPi A History of the Irish Language From the Norman Invasion to Independence AIDAN DOYLE 1 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,14/5/2015,SPi 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OXDP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. 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OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,14/5/2015,SPi In memory of my mother, who didn’t speak a word of Irish, but who loved language OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,14/5/2015,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,14/5/2015,SPi Contents Acknowledgements xi Listoffigures xiii Listofabbreviations xiv Conventionsforspellingandtranscription xv . Introduction  . Writingthehistoryofalanguage  . Datesandperiods  . Somesociolinguisticterminology  .. Standardlanguagesanddialects  .. Languagecontact  . Sources  . Scopeandlay-out  Furtherreading  . TheAnglo-Normansandtheirheritage(–)  . TheAnglo-Normaninvasion  .. BeforetheAnglo-Normans  .. TheAnglo-NormanconquestofIreland  .. Thelinguisticandculturalimpactoftheconquest  .. HibernicisipsisHiberniores  . Theshapeofthelanguage(–)  .. EarlyModernIrishandModernIrish  .. Spellingandpronunciation  .. ClassicalIrish  .. Thenon-classicallanguage  .. Borrowing  . Conclusion  Furtherreading  . TheTudors(–)  . Anewera  .. TheTudors  .. LanguageandidentityundertheTudors  .. TheTudorresponsetolanguageconflict  .. TheGaelicreaction  . Theshapeofthelanguage(–)  OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,14/5/2015,SPi viii CONTENTS .. Conservatism,innovation,andgenre  .. Diglossiaandbilingualism  . Conclusion  Furtherreading  . TheStuarts(–)  . Anewdynasty  .. Thelinguisticeffectoftheconquest  .. LanguageattitudesintheStuartera  .. InteractionbetweenEnglishandIrishatthewrittenlevel  .. TheIrishabroad  . Theshapeofthelanguage(–)  .. LateModernIrish(LMI)  .. Borrowingandcode-switching  . Conclusion  Furtherreading  . TwoIrelands,twolanguages(–)  . TheAnglo-IrishAscendancy  .. ThePenalLaws  .. ThehiddenIreland  .. Languagecontactandmacaronicpoems  .. TheAnglo-IrishandtheIrishlanguage  .. ThechurchesandtheIrishlanguage  .. Aprivatedocument  .. Bilingualism,diglossia,andlanguagestatistics  . Theshapeofthelanguage(–)  .. Representingdialectsinwriting  .. Vocabulary  .. ThelanguageofCharlesO’Conor’sjournal  . Conclusion  Furtherreading  . Anewlanguageforanewnation(–)  . ChangecomestoIreland  .. DanielO’Connell  .. LanguageandnationalidentityinEuropeandIreland  .. Educationandliteracy  .. Bíoblóirí,Jumpers,andAnCatBreac  .. TheFamineandemigration  .. Theextentandpaceofthelanguageshift  .. Laterattitudestowardsthelanguageshift  .. AttemptstopreserveandstrengthenIrish  OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,14/5/2015,SPi CONTENTS ix . Theshapeofthelanguage(–)  .. Theinnovativestrand  .. Theconservativestrand  .. Borrowing  .. Grammarsandprimers  . Conclusion  Furtherreading  . Revival(–)  . Politicalandsocialdevelopments(–)  . Culturaldevelopments(–)  . AprecursortotheGaelicLeague  . DouglasHyde  . TheGaelicLeague  . Education  . Adulteducation  . Culturalactivity  . Publishing  . TheGaeltacht  .. GalltachtandGaeltacht  .. ConceptualizingtheGaeltacht  .. TheGaeltacht:mythandreality  . TheGaelicLeagueandpolitics  . Conclusion—thesubstanceandtheshadow  Furtherreading  . ThemodernizationofIrish(–)  . Reshapingthelanguage  . Orthography  . Thedialectsandstandardization  . Whichdialect?  . PerceivedthreatstoIrish  . Borrowings  . ‘Irish forms of thought are not the same as those of other nations’  . ThecodificationofIrish  . Vocabulary  .. Expandingthevocabulary  .. Theolderlanguageasasourceofvocabulary  .. Thereceptionofthenewwords  .. Censoringvocabulary 