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Determination of OB Emission Factors Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (“drone”) at McAlester Army Ammunition Plant Brian Gullett, Ph.D. EPA Office of Research and Development [email protected] Johanna Aurell, Ph.D., University of Dayton Research Institute Ved Chirayath, Ph.D., NASA Ames Research Center, Laboratory for Advanced Sensing 8/23/2017 1 Clearance This presentation has been reviewed in accordance with the EPA/ORD Product Review Requirements and is approved for release. 8/23/2017 2 Emission Factors EF = mass of a pollutant emitted/initial mass of ordnance • Used for operating permit limits on demilitarization processes • Historically have been determined by extrapolation from small scale BangBox tests and limited airplane plume sampling • The representativeness and costs of these methods have been issues. • Often there are simply no direct data upon which to base operational limits. 8/23/2017 3 Since 2010 OB/OD/SF have been sampled at Tooele Army Ammunition Depot and Camp Dundurn, CAN Open burning of propellant at Tooele. Open detonations at Tooele. Sampling instruments (the “Flyer”) lofted by a helium‐filled, tethered aerostat. Results are published in the peer‐reviewed scientific literature by EPA/ORD. 8/23/2017 4 A Better Way of Sampling? • The Aerostat/Flyer method was successful, resulting in web‐posted reports and journal articles with many “first‐ever” measurements of OB/OD/SF. • The nature of OB/OD plume sampling – personnel safety, – equipment survival, – wind shifts – standoff distance, and – Instantaneous, short time event A more mobile and spatially‐adjustable technology would be ideal. • EPA/ORD developed a miniaturized sampling package (the “Kolibri” or hummingbird) that could be deployed on a UAV multicopter. 8/23/2017 5 The Kolibri Emission Sampler The Kolibri uses sensors to measure CO and CO and miniature samplers for PM , 2 2.5/10 PAHs, VOCs, SVOCs, carbonyls, metals, black/elemental/organic carbon (BC/EC/OC), inorganic halogens, and real time BC. New capabilities are being added including NOx sensors and a real time sampler for particle size distributions. The Size comparison of Flyer (left, sensors/samplers are remotely‐controlled 50 lbs) and Kolibri (right, 7 to from the ground and the data are both 9 lbs). stored on‐board as well as sent by telemetry to the ground operator. The Kolibri and its internals. 8/23/2017 6 Validity of Methods • There are no EPA‐approved methods for open source sampling. • A Quality Assurance Project Plan is written, reviewed, and approved prior to any measurements being taken. • The basis for the EF determination is the well‐known “carbon balance method” (cid:3043)(cid:3042)(cid:3039)(cid:3039)(cid:3048)(cid:3047)(cid:3028)(cid:3041)(cid:3047) (cid:3040)(cid:3028)(cid:3046)(cid:3046) (cid:3046)(cid:3028)(cid:3040)(cid:3043)(cid:3039)(cid:3032)(cid:3031) (cid:3004) (cid:3040)(cid:3028)(cid:3046)(cid:3046) (cid:3036)(cid:3041) (cid:3036)(cid:3041)(cid:3036)(cid:3047)(cid:3036)(cid:3028)(cid:3039) (cid:3042)(cid:3045)(cid:3031)(cid:3041)(cid:3028)(cid:3041)(cid:3030)(cid:3032) (cid:3043)(cid:3042)(cid:3039)(cid:3039)(cid:3048)(cid:3047)(cid:3028)(cid:3041)(cid:3047) (cid:3040)(cid:3028)(cid:3046)(cid:3046) (cid:3400) (cid:3404) (cid:3004) (cid:3040)(cid:3028)(cid:3046)(cid:3046) (cid:3033)(cid:3045)(cid:3042)(cid:3040) (cid:3030)(cid:3042)(cid:2879)(cid:3046)(cid:3028)(cid:3040)(cid:3043)(cid:3039)(cid:3032)(cid:3031) (cid:3004)(cid:3016)(cid:2870) (cid:3028)(cid:3041)(cid:3031) (cid:3004)(cid:3016) (cid:3036)(cid:3041)(cid:3036)(cid:3047)(cid:3036)(cid:3028)(cid:3039) (cid:3042)(cid:3045)(cid:3031)(cid:3041)(cid:3028)(cid:3041)(cid:3030)(cid:3032) (cid:3040)(cid:3028)(cid:3046)(cid:3046) (cid:3042)(cid:3045)(cid:3031)(cid:3041)(cid:3028)(cid:3041)(cid:3030)(cid:3032) (cid:3040)(cid:3028)(cid:3046)(cid:3046) • Sampling pumps undergo daily pre‐ and post‐test calibrations. • Sensors undergo daily pre‐ and post‐test multipoint calibrations. • Analytical laboratories use federally‐approved methods with built‐in QA/QC requirements (spikes and standards). • Calculated results undergo Peer‐, QA staff‐ and Management‐reviews prior to release. • Results are published in scientific, peer‐review publications. 8/23/2017 7 The Army Enlisted NASA’s UAV to Fly EPA/ORD’s Kolibri Sampler at Radford AAP ORD sensor/sampler system at Radford NASA‐owned and flown hexacopter 33 plumes were successfully sampled for particulate matter, metals including Cr VI, chloride, perchlorate, volatile organic compounds, chlorinated dioxins/furans, and nitrogen‐based organics 8/23/2017 8 Radford Results • Sampled emission factors were compared to those used in the Radford AAP Human Health Risk Assessment (operating permit). – 25 of 26 VOCs were less than the HHRA emission factors – Dioxins were over 1,000x lower than the HHRA – For MK‐90s, 7 of the metal EFs were lower than the RFAAP EFs and four emission factors were higher (As, Cd, Pb, and Ag). • Hg, was reported as ND so its ratio (<2.2) is not clearly greater or less than unity. – For the skid waste burns, ten metals were less than estimated in the HHRA. – All energetics (MK‐90) were non‐detect and less than the HHRA EFs 8/23/2017 9 McAlester Tests October, 2016 and February, 2017. Sampled during burns of M155, M67, and M17 for PM , Total 2.5 PM, CO , CO, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrocellulose, 2 other nitroaromatics, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and lead 8/23/2017 10