I /CAMERA INDICA TheS ocLiiaoflef I ndiPahno tographs CHRISTOPHERP INNEY !/ J I ! o ..L . I'( / (\'.··. . ·· .._A ' "· \ \I ."' \ \_')··� " \.. ', TheU niverosfCi htiyc Pargeos s ChristoPpihnenre iys L ecturienSr o utAhs ian 1f.l&. �(/ · v Anthropolaottg hye S chooolfO rientaanldA fra StudiUensi,v ersoiftL yo ndon UN!"\ OFU< LIBL ToT rudwii tlho ve TheU niversoiftC yh icaPgroe ssC,h icag6o0 673 ReaktiBoono kLst dL,o ndownr P IDE Copyri©g hCthristoPpihnenre yI,9 97 Allr ighrtess ervPeudb.l ish1e9d9 7 PrinteidnG reaBtr itain 070 60 50 40 30 2O I0 09 99 89 7 I 2 3 4 5 6 DesignbeydR onC ostley ISBNo:- 226-6658-67( cloth) ISBNo:- 226-66866-5 (paper) LibraorfyC ongreCsast aloging-in-Publication Data PinneyC,h ristopher. CamerIan di:ct ah es ocilailf oefI ndiapnh otographs f - ChristoPpihnenre y. p. em. Includbeisb liograprheifcearle nces. ISBNo -226-6686(5c-l7o :t ahllp<a.p e-r)I.SBNo -226-6686(6p-b5:k . alkp.a per). r.P hotograpihney t hnol-ogIyndia-HistoryP.h ot2o.g rapihny ethnologGyr-eaBtr ita-inHisto-ryI 9thc entury3.P· h otography­ IndiaP-sychologaiscpaelc ts4.P. o rtrapihto tographIyn-dia­ History2-othc entury. GN635.I4P49 1997 770'.954-dC2I Thisb ooki sp rintoenda cid-fpraepee r. Contents Acknowgleemden6t s, NotoenT ranistlreati7o n, Pref8a ce, PrologIu e, r I' SrtnFe idealni'dtP ye'n etCrearttianigIn 7t y', 2I ndiEayne7 s2, 3C hamrbsoe fD reamIs0,8 Epilo2gIuoe , Gloss2aI 4 r y, Refere2nIc6e s, SeleBcitb olgirap2h3y0, LisotfI llustr23a r t ions, Inde2x3,6 Acknowledgements Ih avmea ndye btBsh aitni asnuNdda ag dFaos.rh artihnepgih ro tographs antdh ougahbtopsuh to togIrm aupsthths a Vnik jayS uVryePasashn, j abi, NandKai shJoors Bhaib,u Bloahlr Maa,n oajn dD inesh Khandelwal, ManoJjh a, KPauiklhaarsnahdPj, r itiBbiahlaar,i , LaRkasmhlmaaln,, KanvaGrolvaalr,d hMaannloahla,Pr rlaaklaI,ss hh,vP aarn,n aRlaaml­, chanadnrmdaa noyt h.eO rthseirn diviidnIu nadwlihsaoh avhee lpine d av arioefgt eyn erwoauyissn clRu.d.GPe u ptEa.A, l kaFzoiyN, i ssen, SatSihsahr Vmian,Sa ryi tvaavsAas,h Niasdn yP,a trUibecrioaAi n,n an­ dalNaalrjoit atnaRdma vAig rwaal. Morgee nedreablt s itnhcotlsoRue od sel Pyoni gnaannDdta vMiadc ­ Dougfaolrl mamkeis netgeh apth oogtrawpehrswe o rtohbyj eocft s anthropoilnoqguiticorta yhll;e a Atlef rCeedl le nfcooru rmaegt ion g wandferrot mh set raaingndha tr rtooBw a;r nCeoyha nn Jdo hFnal coner fotrh eiinrsi pniwgro rokne arIlnyd iaannt hlroogapynop dh oogtratpoh y; RachDewly efros rh arinrge mhaerrkk anbolwel eodfSg oeu Atshi tao; SmieraMna nS inCgehl l, BMhuakshkoaparay da,hn yCdh rWirsi ght for inisrpatainaoddn v itcoMe c;K iMma rrfiooirtn ts ighhotptseo Ia ddress nextti mteo; HBohmaib fhoar sugigne sfittrhipsenlt ga t cheIa w tr iat e boolki tkheai nsfd o hric so ntineunocruoasug emteotn hti nk aa bnoeuwt kinda notfh ropology. Myr eseoanrn cihn eteceennttphuh-roygt roaphym awdpaeos s sbiyb le aS muts ReFseelalrocwahst h Citephn eto rfSe o uAtshi an SUtnuid­ies, versoifCt aym bribdegtew e1e97n8a n1d8 99a,n mdu cohfm yw orikn NagdaanB dh atihsaubsde aef nu ndseidn1 c9e8b y9 Stchheo oofOl r iental anAdf riSctaund tiheBesr ,i tAicsahd e,a mnytdh e NuFfofiuenldda tion. Indiviadnuedam lpsl ooyfe eftsoh lel oiwnisntgi stm uutsaitlo sbnoe thankMeadn:jT ierliaa nngMd e enPaalr anDjrBp hea,Du a ijL aMd us­ eumB,o mbRaaym;e Jsahm dianArs,i aStoiecctiB yo,m b;Ya .Sy C.h addha, IndAiraStnt udBioom,b ayY;o gMernS darhaSa aiw,Ma ain S inIgMIhu s­ eumC,i ty PJaaliapScuuerr,;eC shha bNraitai, onaAlr cFhioilfIvm ne d ia, PunMer;S haramnaAd . K .Av astPhhio,tr aopgShieicco tNne,h rMue m­ oriLailb rDaerlyhI,in ;do SrteaM tues euPmr;a bCahsa nodfA miC hand andS onSse,c undeSraalbJaaardn ;Mg u seuHmy,d aebraNda;t ional Libr,Ca arlycuAtstiaa;St oicci oefBt eyn gal, CCharlWicrsui tgthat;, RoyAanlt hropoIlnosgtiicstatulaot ffetf ;h Ien dOifafi cLei braanrdy RecoLrodnsd,so tnfaof;f t hlei broaftr hye SocfOh roioelan ntAdaf lr ican SutdiLeosn,d Aonni;t a UHneirvleerM,su isteyuo mfA rchaeaonldo gy Anthroyp,Co almobgriEdlgiez;a Ebdewtahr ds, PMiutste uRmi,v ers OxfoHradr;Pr eyr saMuuds,e uomfM ankiLnodn,d Toenr;Br ayr greirn, RoyCaolm monweSaolctyih;Le itonCealr tCeern,t orfSe o uAtshi an StudCiaemsb,r iFdogre .h isr ee-xpophgeorrtaItpm huyst th aPnakuF lo x. 6 Noteo nT ransliteration Int hien teroefas ctcse ssIih baivolemi ittyat ledldi acrmiatrikcsa l anhda vaed daendE ngl'ists'oh mpalkuer wahlesra ep propriate. Ia polotgoIi nzdeir aena d'eSrihssu'. s efdos ra n$d;a n'dc hfho'r aspir'acthIeh' da. vf eo rsackoenns iswtheenrtcehy wi osu ld confwliitcchto mmonulsyef do rmTsh.eG lossianrcyl ufduelsl tranesrlaittoifos ntsa ndHairndwd oir ds. 7 Preface Myt itClaeme,r a Inidsai mcoan,og t htehri nagnas l lutsoiC oanm ­ erLau icdat,hE en glish-ltarnagnusalogafRet o iloanBn adr thLeas 's ChamrbeC laiwrhei,cp'hl aaynsi mporrtoalnet ilant pttaheroretf thibso oHko.w evwehri,al cek nloewdgmiynd ge bttoa k ewyo rokn phootgrapIhh ya,v e tarlisteooed x teBnadr thceosn'csei rnntason ethnogrraepahlimc wwhheamrtae t tiesr stn hopete rsoannapdlr i­ vatree adionftg hse anaplhysottr oabgpuhitym 'psao cnt tehvee ryday lioffaes ociTehtiyes.x plamiyan tst enttoti hoseno cpiraalc tices in whicphh ootgraipseh myb edadnemddy a ttetmope ltu cidate the per­ spectoifpv heoostg rapahnedr st chleiieornn t sti hmea greesp roduced in tbhoiosk . Minieso nlayp artial tdoet fhceear nenoocnfwe r itoinnp gh oto­ grapthhyo,u agnhd, tihsaet rwei stth teii nt Altte h.ve e rmyo ment ofg enufleIac ltswioao nntt,om ovaew afyr otmh ien susleacru orfi ty thEeu ro-Amecruilctrauenrg ailto hnge-r ouunpdow nh icnhe arallyl worokn p hotroagphhayb se ebnu iltt.h itBswu itcs rte,a ted by my hybridw ittiihtt sl eb orteafneircteaotnl hc peel atcheac to ncemren s mosItn,d riuan,ts h rei sokfb eimnigs tafkoearnn a tteamtpt ta xo­ nomyc,l oas seyds toefm catwergaoprpiuepeid snt hgeu iosfce h ang­ inpgr actTihciiessd. e cidneomltyy i ntenftoiwroh naI,ti nf act try toc hairntt h feo llopwaignaegrss e o maes peocftt hsce o mplcehxag n­ inegc oglyoo fp hootgraphy. Twoe xpericeonnctuersti etbdot hlei noef reasoninign pursued thbioso akn adr weo rbtrhi emfleyn tioWnhienIngfi .r sstt ardtoeidn g fieldwionr1 k89 2i nB hatdiasa,uv illiang ec eInntdriIafa lo, u nd mysetlafk iwnhga Itp ercetiovb eetd w od iffetryepnoetfsp ho­ togr:ao pnhesfso mry sealnfdo nefso vri llaTgheepr hsto.o graIp hs wantteotd a kaett hatti mwee rIet ,h ougchatn,dr iedv,e aelxipnrge,s ­ sivoeft hpee opIwl aes livinIgw aaspm uornsgut.ih nqegu otidian shadoofw wPhlautt aornccpheo werfduelslcyr ibed as 'the signs of thseo uilnm en'Ir. e2c taalkli ahn agl f-liemnaggotefh nmeyi ghbour Bheruwlhailcs he emteohd a ve sofot mheeq suea liWteih easgd.o ne toh ifise ldsh iwbsey l alta rou5n pd. .ma,g ootdi mteoc apttuhree effoeftc htme e llowsiunnTg.h ep riwnhti,cI hh a pdr oceasnssdee dn t bacfkr otmh e sUeKe,m epde rtfoe ccatplthyui rse mivsocuchshi aer­ actTehre.wr aesa t winiknhl iee sy e tahnsedl isghhatd tohwah tu ng ono nes idoefh ifsa ce hgiamav nea ppraotpgerr iavfiothrye ,w as ane ssentsiearlilioynu dse,te odr tumraenHd.i psu rsmeodu th and 8 upripgohstt aulrsseoe emteocd a pthuiraset tetmopi tm possoem e ord,ie ofrn lfyoa rm omenatsh, ew asa lwamyust teirnie nxga spera­ tioTnh.e rwea asm ellowanbeostusht ie m agaeh ,o molboegtyw een thlee ngthsehnaidnogaw tts h ipse acefuolfd atayin mBdeh reulal's attetmopfi tn dt rqatnii,tl lhiaIptt ay rutliacrlliyk Beudit. td i ndo t appetaoBl h eruwlhaot, whhee ns apwr tichnoetm ,p laaibnoeudt the shadaonwtd h dea rkniectsa ss t hoifvsae crae n tdh aeb seonftc eh e lowhearlo ffh ibso dTyh.ei mawgea s oufs en hoti oma nds,l ightly shakIep nr,o mitsheaIdwt o ulsdo otna kabe e trtm,e oraep propriate, one. Iw ast ob er eminodfBe hdre ulailr'rsi taatht iiison nc ompclaept­e ture wsheevney,re aallr asrt ,Iel istteonpe rdo fessstiuodpnihaool ­ tograpihnte hrnese artboyw onf N agdjao kitnhga t village clients woulrde futsope a tyh feu flele afnoyrt hoitnhgte hra anf ull-length portr'aIi owtni.ll yl ygoiauvq eu arotfte hrfe e et/h ewyo ulsda( yo r sot hpeh toogracplhearism edL 'baeq cuaaurostfmee e rh o ancslo ym e out'',wI i olrl, onhlaylf toph raa ylap fo es'. Thep htoogratphhavsti l lawgaenrtmsee d ttaok wee rvee rdyi ffer­ enftr otmh e Iot noeoo kfB heruTlhaels.e ncoobtuet l adk qeuni ckly sintchee re werep rleepnagrtathtobyi e om nasd ec:l otthoeb se changheadit,rob eb rusahneoddi l(ead,ni dnt hcea soefu ppre-caste wometnh,ae p plicoaftt ailocpnuo mw dteolr i ghtthesenk iTnh)e.s e photost obh efa udl l-laensndgy tmhm etricapla,s saeinxvdpe r,te hse­ sionflaecsaesns db odpyo sseysm bolfiozmree d,a tt hatti mteh,e extinguoifps rheicnigts heaqltuy a lIiw tiys hteocd a ptounrfi el m. Thes ecoenxdp eriweansc edt ihsec oovfae p rhyoo tgraaplhb um compiblye dmg yr andfwahtihaleB err itsioslhdi ine rId nudriitanh ge SceonWdo rlWda rA.m idt hdee pictoifso tnrse et-atsrcaedteircss, ('raocbaCta-lcuatrtmamy'o )t,o rbainksden sa ckhea-rrms(e n'askes alivwea!sa' ni) m agoefap loughsmialnh ouaegtatitenhdsse ti nking sunH.o we vocaotfBi hvaet diaIs,t u hougOhntt h.re e veirnss pei,d ery bluwer itainnndge xttoa s tawmph icsha i'dD e SilvaJ'hsa nS­tudio, sia nLdu cknowwe'rt,eh weo rd'st hpiisc tiusIr ned iIwa a'ss. t ruck byt hsei milaorfti htiiisme asgt eo soofmP ee tHe.rE m ersspo hno'­ togriachp ehroiciozfar t88iooEsn assA tn gliaagnr icultaunrda lists pondeorneh do wt hees sentiaolfsi uzcaihtm iaogner su roIafnl d ia, filtered fRruosmka inJnWdo i hlnl iMoarmr biyws a yo fG eorBgier d­ woodJ,o hLno ckwKoiopdl inMga haantdGm aan dhrie/fl ecstiemd­ a ilcaorm plperxo coefsc su ltucroamlia nng-d g oirnagt,hl eirkt eh e Venetiabne atodrnsac deeex porftreoIdmt atloAy f riacnnado ws,e v­ ercaelt nurliaeetsrr ,e -exptooEr utreodap neAd m eriacssa i gns of an ancieexnotAt fircai 4.Ac lthoiung hB haIth iasbdue deaans keds ebvy- 9 erahla li(sp loughmteonp )h otogrtahpehm a tw orka ndw asl atteor encountseerv erlaolc alplryo ducpehdo togratpahksed nu rintgh ef es­ tivaolfD ivaliinw hichv illagpeorsse wdi tht heibru llBsh,e rulal's complaianbtosu tth ed egreoefs hadowwo ulhda veb eena sn othing comparteodt heo utrawghei cht her adiccaoln traosfta sD e Silva's Studpihoo togrwaopuhl hda vper ovokIendt .h aitm agael sli gnosft he individpulaolu ghmwaenr ee ffacaenddh ew asr enderaesad s imple embleomf n oblreu stliacb our. Thibso oki sa na ttemtpotc onsidqeure stisouncsah s t her elation­ shibpe tweepnh otograapnhdia wc i decru ltuprraalc titcheed, i fferent kindosfw orkt hatth e' facaen'dt he' bodayr'er equirteodd o w ithin differpehnott ogratprhaidci titohneds i,f ferweanytsi n whipchho ­ tograyp chomes bteop rivileagse evdi denocfe intearnndea xlt ernal states,h oawnt dh ep articvuilsaurra ela liatsys ociawtietdhp articu­ laprl acceosm etso b es oc onstituTtheeds.ae r ev astto piacnsd I a m abloen ltyo s katoev emra nya specotfst hemH.o wevebry,f ocusing ont hree 'momiennt thsep' u blpihco tograrpehpirce sentoaftt ihoen face tahnebd o diyn I ndiIaa i mt os uggetshtr,o utghhed eploymeonft thesvea riofursa gmenstosm,e thionftg h ec omplesxo cialo flp ihfoe­ tography. Int hew ordosf A rjuAnp padurIaw ia,n tt of olltohwe ' concrheitse­ toriccailr culaotfiio mna'g easn dt racteh e 'mean.i.ni.gn ss criibne d theifro rms, utsheesit,rh eitrr ajectoIrfpi heost'o.g'r aaprheis n deed usualmlayd ei ntos omethimnogr et hanm ere' chemicadlilsy­ colourpeadp erw'h,a ta ret hef orctehsa cto nstrtuhcetm i nttoh is, 6 rathtehra nt hata,n dh ow doest hi'"sh angteh rougthi met,h rough politipcoasli titohnr,o ugh 'cutlhtruoruegc'hl, a sHso?w do pho­ tographs' egnetta ngilned di'f'f erseynstt ems? IO Prologue ...e venw hent hep roductoifot nh ep ictuirsee n tirdeellyi veorveedtr o thea utomatiosftm h ec amertah,e t akinogft hep ictuirsse t ialc lh oice involvaiensgt heatnidce thical viafli,un te hse:a bstratchten, a turaen d developmoefnp th otographic techntooml aokgeye vteernydt hoibnjge c­ tive'lpyh otographiatib ssl tei'tl,rl u teh atf,r oma mongt het heoretically infinintuem bero fp hotograwphhisc ha ret echnicaplolsys ibelaec,h groucph oosaefi sn itaen dw ell-defirnaendgo efs ubjecgtesn,r aensd c om­ positions.' Thei ndustrtoiwanlo fN agdai se xacthlayl f-wbaeyt weeBno mbay andD elhAi .j ournoefay b outtw elvheo urbsy F rontMiaeirol r D ehra DunE xpress btrhietn rgasv eltlote hri ssp rawlsientgt lement centred arounad v astte xtialnedc hemicpalla notn t heb ankosf t heR iver ChambaPla.r altloet lh e railwaryu nlsJi anwea har Marlga,r gtehset commercial osftwfrh eiectNh,a gdam'asi nb azacaarn b ef ounNde.a r ther ailwsatya tiaorneo ldehro useasn ds hopdsa tifngr omN agda's pre-indusetxriisatlei nnct eh er 9soasn,d a so new alkfsu rtheears t, pasvte getasbtlael tlesas, h opasn dt hossee llibnigc ycliersr,i gation pumpsa ndc arp artosn,e p assevsa riopuhso tograpphreermsi's es. Firisstt heV enuSst udioou,t siwdhei csht andasw omani na tennis skirt hoalb doixno gfK onica fialnmdf, u rthaelro ntgh is same road, on theo thesri des,a ndwichbeedt weean s tationaenrd'a s k hadi (homespun treexttaiililese)t r h,es malslh opf ronotfS uresPha njabi, thep roprioetfSo urh aSgt udio. Likmeo sto ft hes ixm ains tudiionsN agdaS,u haSgt uddiios plsa y a mixtuorfet heiorw nw orka ndp ublicsihtoytd si stribbuytl eodc al colour-procsetsusdiinwoghs i,c ha rel ocatiendt hen earbcyi tioefs Ujjaainnd I ndorBey.t hes idoef a ndb ehintdh el oww hitfeo rmica deskat t hef ronotft hes hopa dvertisemfeonrMt isd aCso loSrt udio leaapt t hev ieweTrh.e s ame modaeplp eairnst woi magecsl utching am atka( earthenwwaatreepr o to)ft hes orwth icihs s tiwlild eluys ed throughvoiultl aIgned i(ai ulsl.r ) .I nb othi magetsh em odell easn againtshtep oth,e rh andesm phasiztihnegh omologbye tweetnh e curveosft hep ota ndh ero wnf orm siunc ha w ayt haetr oticainsdm fecundairteay l ssou ggestBeudt. tthweo e lemenotfst hep ictuarree potensti gnifioefrt sh er uraaln do ft raditaisow ne llT.h roughout Indiac'osl liswiiotnh c olonialwiosmma,n asa figureh asb een continuraelilnyv enatsea d r epositoofar nyi nteripourr,ea rn dm ore II r Coloupru blicpihtoyt ogriaspshu beydM idaCso loSrt udio. 12