ADVANCED TOPICS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA ADVANCED TOPICS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA Zhejiang University is one of the leading universities in China. In Advanced Topics in Science and Technology in China, Zhejiang University Press and Springer jointly publish monographs by Chinese scholars and professors, as well as invited authors and editors from abroad who are outstanding experts and scholars in their fields. This series will be of interest to researchers, lecturers, and graduate students alike. Advanced Topics in Science and Technology in China aims to present the latest and most cutting-edge theories, techniques, and methodologies in various research areas in China. It covers all disciplines in the fields of natural science and technology, including but not limited to, computer science, materials science, life sciences, engineering, environmental sciences, mathematics, and physics. (cid:3113)(cid:4322)(cid:12029)(cid:4242)(cid:6060)(cid:7259)(cid:4242)(cid:7259)(cid:14723)(cid:1160)(cid:1830)(cid:10100)(cid:3366)(cid:18173)(cid:17008)(cid:2005)(cid:1830)(cid:10100) Mao-Hong Yu Jian-Chun Li Computational Plasticity With Emphasis on the Application of the Unified Strength Theory With 458 figures, 139 of them in color (cid:7424)(cid:1082)(cid:11752)(cid:12362)(cid:5483)(cid:2052)(cid:1209)(cid:991)(cid:3534)(cid:18341)(cid:11352)(cid:6915)(cid:6357)(cid:726)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:1025)(cid:3281)(cid:3281)(cid:4490)(cid:12197)(cid:4410)(cid:6228)(cid:7427)(cid:4410)(cid:7427)(cid:14891)(cid:1328)(cid:1998)(cid:10268)(cid:3534)(cid:18341)(cid:4008)(cid:2604)(cid:1262) (cid:1025)(cid:3281)(cid:3281)(cid:4490)(cid:14270)(cid:9994)(cid:12197)(cid:4410)(cid:3534)(cid:18341)(cid:4008)(cid:2604)(cid:1262) (cid:7044)(cid:2164)(cid:3381)(cid:3332)(cid:991)(cid:12366)(cid:19400)(cid:2656)(cid:4733)(cid:11719)(cid:5049)(cid:12255)(cid:11752)(cid:12362)(cid:20045)(cid:11458) (cid:1025)(cid:3281)(cid:6957)(cid:13958)(cid:18108)(cid:18337)(cid:9869)(cid:11752)(cid:12362)(cid:20045)(cid:11458) (cid:1025)(cid:3281)(cid:7438)(cid:7812)(cid:13479)(cid:7512)(cid:5390)(cid:5242)(cid:2656)(cid:6403)(cid:2172)(cid:3281)(cid:4490)(cid:18337)(cid:9869)(cid:4466)(cid:20576)(cid:4472) (cid:1025)(cid:3281)(cid:17828)(cid:17745)(cid:9791)(cid:12673)(cid:6228)(cid:7427)(cid:11752)(cid:12362)(cid:19510) (cid:1025)(cid:3281)(cid:20146)(cid:7438)(cid:5390)(cid:5242)(cid:11752)(cid:12362)(cid:19510) (cid:3281)(cid:4490)(cid:7003)(cid:10301)(cid:4628)(cid:2656)(cid:16211)(cid:4445)(cid:5078)(cid:7003)(cid:10301)(cid:4628)(cid:2488)(cid:5326)(cid:12581)(cid:13479)(cid:7512)(cid:2159)(cid:4410)(cid:11752)(cid:12362)(cid:20045)(cid:11458) (cid:1025)(cid:3281)(cid:12197)(cid:4410)(cid:19510)(cid:8506)(cid:8733)(cid:4733)(cid:3315)(cid:2159)(cid:4410)(cid:11752)(cid:12362)(cid:6164) Series: 1. Unified Strength Theory and Its Applications. Yu MH, Springer: Berlin, 2004. 2. Generalized Plasticity. Yu MH et al. Springer: Berlin, 2006. 3. Structural Plasticity: Limit, Shakedown and Dynamic Plastic Analyses of Structures. Yu MH, Ma GW and Li JC, Springer and ZJU Press, 2009. 4. Computational Plasticity: With Emphasis on the Application of the Unified Strength Theory and Associated Flow Rule. Yu MH and Li JC, Springer and ZJU Press, 2012. Mao-Hong Yu Jian-Chun Li Computational Plasticity With Emphasis on the Application of the Unified Strength Theory With 458 figures, 139 of them in color Authors Prof. Mao-Hong Yu Researcher Jian-Chun Li Department of Civil Engineering Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] ISSN 1995-6819 e-ISSN 1995-6827 Advanced Topics in Science and Technology in China ISBN 978-7-308-08356-0 Zhejiang University Press, Hangzhou ISBN 978-3-642-24589-3 ISBN 978-3-642-24590-9 (eBook) Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011938950 © Zhejiang University Press, Hangzhou and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 This work is subject to copyright. 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Printed on acid-free paper Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Computational plasticity is a new and important branch of computational mechanics. Computational Plasticity: With Emphasis on the Application of the Unified Strength Theory and Associated Flow Rule is the third title in the series on plasticity published by Springer and by Springer or by the collabration of Springer and ZJU Press. The other two files are: Generalized Plasticity (Springer, Berlin, 2006) and Structural Plasticity: Limit, Shakedown and Dynamic Plastic Analyses of Structures (Springer and ZJU Press, Hangzhou, 2009). The founding work in this series on plasticity is Unified Strength Theory and its Applications that was published by Springer in Berlin in 2004, in which the unified strength theory (UST) and its 30 years developments history are described in detail. Generalized Plasticity, the first monograph in this series on plasticity, is a combination of traditional plasticity for metallic materials (non-SD materials) and plasticity for geomaterials (SD materials, i.e. strength difference in tension and in compression, sometimes referred to as tension-compression asymmetry). It was published by Springer in 2006, in which the unified slip line theory for plane strain problems and unified characteristics theory for plane stress and spatial axisymmetric problems, as well as the unified fracture criterion for mixed mode cracks and plastic zones at the tip of a crack using the unified strength theory are described. Generalized Plasticity can be used for both non-SD materials and SD materials. The time effect, however, is not taken into account in Generalized Plasticity. The time independent UST can be extended to time dependent UST. The second title in this series on plasticity is Structural Plasticity: Limit, Shakedown and Dynamic Plastic Analyses of Structures, which was published by ZJU Press and Springer in 2009. Structural Plasticity deals with limit analysis, shakedown analysis and dynamic plastic analyses of structures using the analytical method. The straight line segments on the series yield surfaces of the unified strength theory make these surfaces convenient for analytical treatment of plasticity problems. A series of results of the unified solutions for elastic and plastic limit analysis, shakedown analysis and dynamic plastic analysis for structures are given by using the unified strength theory. These unified solutions can provide a very useful tool for the design of engineering structures. Most solutions in textbooks regarding the plastic analysis of structures are special cases of the unified solution, using the unified strength theory. VI Preface The third title in this series on plasticity is Computational Plasticity: With Emphasis on the Application of the Unified Strength Theory and Associated Flow Rule, in which numerical methods are applied. The unified strength theory and associated flow rule are implemented in several computational plasticity codes and applied to many engineering problems. A series of results can be obtained in Generalized Plasticity (slip line theory), Structural Plasticity (analytical analysis of structures) and Computational Plasticity (numerical analysis of structures). The unified solution gives a series of new results, which can be adapted for more materials and structures. It is possible for us to adopt different values of the unified strength theory parameter b to meet different materials and structures. The application of the unified solution is advantageous in material and energy saving and also advantageous in environmental protection. This monograph describes the unified strength theory and associated flow rule, the implementation of these basic theories, and shows how a series of results can be obtained by their use. A lot of numerical solutions for beams, plates, underground caves, excavations, strip foundations, circular foundations, slopes, underground structures of hydraulic power stations, pumped-storage power stations, underground mining, high-velocity penetration of concrete structures, ancient structures, rocket parts, as well as relevant computational results, are given. These theories and methods can be used for other computer codes. This will increase the function of codes. An example of numerical calculation for a slope by using the unified strength theory with the parameters b=0, b=1/4, b=0.5, b=3/4 and b=1 is shown in the figure below. Configurations of the plastic strain of the slope with different yield criteria are shown. The results using the Mohr-Coulomb theory and the Drucker-Prager criterion are also given for comparison. Mohr-Coulomb b=0.0 b=0.25 Drucker-Prager b=0.5 b=0.75 b=1.0 Preface VII The results obtained by using various yield criteria are very different. The shape and size of the plastic zone and bearing capacity of the structure are influenced strongly by the choice of the yield criterion. The unified strength theory and its implementation in the computer code provide us with a very effective approach for studying the effect of yield criterion in various engineering problems. A series of results was obtained, which can be used for most materials from metallic materials to geomaterials. The unified model, unified constitutive relation, unified process of the corner singularity, and the program paragraph of unified implementation can be used for other FE codes, including commercial computer codes. This will also increase the power of FEM and computational plasticity codes and the fields of application for various codes. Many new and interesting results can be obtained through the unified strength theory, such as the yield criterion effect on the bearing capacity of various structures, the effect of material strength parameters (friction angle) on plastic zones distribution (Chapter 9), the effect of tension and compression of SD materials, the relation between different yield criteria. This will bring the potential strength of the material into full play and show how we can benefit from material and energy saving, etc. The contents of this book can be divided into four parts: Part one: Basic theories of stress, strain, yield criterion and associated flow rule are described in Chapters 1 to 4. Part two: Implementation of the unified strength theory and associated flow rule, the process of the singularity of the corner and several basic applications, UEPP-Unified Elasto-Plastic Program, are described in Chapters 5 to 9. Part three: Chapters 10 to 18 are the implementation of the unified strength theory and associated flow rule in several commercial finite element codes and finite difference programs, including ABAQUS, ASYSN, AutDYN-2D, AutDYN-3D, AutDYN Hydrocode, DIANA, FLAC-2D, FLACK-3D, Non-Linear etc. The computational methods include the finite element method, finite difference method and smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method. More results can be obtained through combinations of the unified strength theory and associated flow rule and commercial finite element codes Part four: Chapter 19 is called Mesomechanics and Multiscale Modelling for the Yield Surface. Miscellaneous issues, including ancient structures, propellant grains of solid rockets, solid rocket motors, parts of a rocket and large generators are presented in Chapter 20. A series of research works of underground excavation were carried out for the Laxiwa Hydraulic Power Station by Northwest China Hydroelectric Power Investigation and Design Institute. 3D numerical modeling of the underground excavation of Tai’an Pumped Storage Hydraulic Power Station was done by Professors Sun, Shang, Zhang et al. of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China and the East China Investigation and Design Institute, State Power Corporation of China. Dynamic response and blast-resistance analysis of a tunnel subjected to blast loading was done by Professors at Zhejiang University, Hangzhou(cid:712)China, in respect of a railroad tunnel (Liu and Wang, 2004). The twin-shear unified strength