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Confronting Genocide PDF
Preview Confronting Genocide
CONFRONTING GENOCIDE IUS GENTIUM COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES ON LAW AND JUSTICE VOLUME 7 Series Editor MortimerSellers (UniversityofBaltimore) JamesMaxeiner (UniversityofBaltimore) Board of Editors MyroslavaAntonovych(Kyiv-MohylaAcademy) NadiadeAraujo(PontificalCatholicUniversityofRiodeJaneiro) JasnaBakšic´-Muftic´ (UniversityofSarajevo) DavidL.CareyMiller(UniversityofAberdeen) LoussiaP.MusseFelix(UniversityofBrasília) EmanuelGross(UniversityofHaifa) JamesE.HickeyJr.(HofstraUniversity) JanKlabbers(UniversityofHelsinki) ClaudiaLimaMarques(FederalUniversityofRioGrandedoSul) AnicetoMasferrer(UniversityofValencia) EricMillard(Paris-SudUniversity) GabriëlMoens(MurdochUniversity,Australia) RaulC.Pangalangan(TheUniversityofthePhilippines) RicardoLeitePinto(LusíadaUniversityofLisbon) MizanurRahman(UniversityofDhaka) KeitaSato(ChuoUniversity) PoonamSaxena(UniversityofNewDelhi) GerrySimpson(LondonSchoolofEconomics) EduardSomers(UniversityofGhent) XinqiangSun(ShandongUniversity) TadeuszTomaszewski(UniversityofWarsaw) JaapW.deZwaan(NetherlandsInst.ofIntrntl.Relations,Clingendael) CONFRONTING GENOCIDE Edited by RENÉ PROVOST and PAYAM AKHAVAN 123 Editors RenéProvost PayamAkhavan McGillUniversity McGillUniversity FacultyofLaw FacultyofLaw CentreforHumanRightsand CentreforHumanRightsand LegalPluralism LegalPluralism PeelStreet3644 PeelStreet3644 H3A1W9MontrealQuébec H3A1W9MontrealQuébec Canada Canada [email protected] [email protected] ISBN978-90-481-9839-9 e-ISBN978-90-481-9840-5 DOI10.1007/978-90-481-9840-5 SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010937279 ©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2011 Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinany form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher,withtheexceptionofanymaterial suppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,for exclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Thisbookisdedicatedtoanyonewhotakesa step,howeversmallitmaybe,totrytoprevent genocide. Acknowledgements Thisbookisdevotedtoexploringthisnewapproachtoanage-oldproblem. The essays were written in the wake of the remarkably diverse and origi- nal presentations delivered at the Global Conference on the Prevention of Genocide held at McGill University in Montreal. This was a unique gather- ingdevotedtotheideathatintelligentforesightandmoralcommitmentto take timely action has the potential to stop the deluge before millions are drowned.TheConferencebroughttogetherhundredsofexceptionalpartic- ipants, including genocide survivors, Nobel prize laureates, Pulitzer prize winners, acclaimed scholars and authors, illustrious statesmen and diplo- mats,mediapersonalities,andotherprominentfigures,aswellas36young student leaders from 22 different countries around the world. All sessions oftheconferencemaybeviewedatwww.efchr.mcgill.ca.Theessaysinthis book, authored by some of the conference participants, represent a sam- ple of the rich and extraordinary exchange that took place in an effort to sharethiscumulativeknowledgeandwisdomwithanevenwideraudience. WewishtoacknowledgetheEchenbergFamilyFoundationanditsfounder GordonEchenberg,whosecommitmentmadepossiblethisfirstinaseries of global conferences on human rights at McGill University. We also wish toexpressourgratitudetoNandiniRamanujam,MaryRace,KirkShannon andNourDibfortheircontributionstothepreparationofthisvolume. Montreal,Québec RenéProvost 15June2010 PayamAkhavan vii Contents 1 MovingFromRepressiontoPreventionofGenocide . . . . . . 1 PayamAkhavanandRenéProvost PartI ReconceptualizingGenocide 2 FromIrishFaminetoCongoReform: Nineteenth-Century Roots of International Human RightsLawandActivism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 BenKiernan 3 Darfur:GenocidalTheoryandPracticalAtrocities. . . . . . . . 45 GérardPrunier 4 SovereigntyasResponsibilityforthePreventionofGenocide . 57 FrancisM.Deng 5 Citizenship,NationalIdentity,andGenocide . . . . . . . . . . . 81 DouglasGreenberg 6 Incitement,PreventionandMediaRights . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 MarkThompson PartII Un/PreventedGenocide 7 SomeProblemsofGenocidePrevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 YehudaBauer 8 Preventing Genocide Through Military Intervention: PeacekeepingTroopsinthe“ResponsibilitytoProtect”Era . . 117 WiebeArts 9 Combating State-Sanctioned Incitement to Genocide: ALegalandMoralImperative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 IrwinCotler 10 Facing History: Denial and the Turkish National SecurityConcept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 TanerAkçam ix x Contents 11 The Role of Economic Sanctions in Deterring Serious HumanRightsViolations:SouthAfrica,IraqandDarfur . . . . 159 RichardJ.Goldstone 12 ExpectationofProsecutingtheCrimesofGenocideinChina . 173 WenqiZhuandBinxinZhang PartIII PreventionBeyondtheState 13 Not “Lambs to the Slaughter”: A Program forResistancetoGenocidalLaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 FrédéricMégret 14 Privatizing Humanitarian Intervention? Mercenaries, PMCsandtheBusinessofPeace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 KrzysztofKotarskiandSamuelWalker 15 Creating the Outcry: Citizen-Driven Political Will forGenocidePreventionintheUSContext . . . . . . . . . . . 269 RebeccaJ.Hamilton 16 The Role of the International Community in Assisting the International Criminal Court to Secure Justice andAccountability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 LuisMoreno-Ocampo 17 International Justice: From the Twilight to the Dawn? International Criminal Court Prosecutor Luis Moreno-OcampoatMcGillUniversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 NoahWeisbord 18 ThePoliticsofLegalAccountabilityandGenocidePrevention . 295 CatherineLu 19 A Psychological Investigation of Individual and Social TransformationsinPost-GenocideRwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 JobbArnold 20 Creating the Essential Middle Ground: Using Media toEnhanceToleranceandCo-HabitationinAfrica . . . . . . . 319 MaryKimani References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Contributors PayamAkhavanFacultyofLaw,CentreforHumanRightsandLegal Pluralism,McGillUniversity,Montreal,QCH3A1W9,Canada, [email protected] TanerAkçamAssociateProfessor,DepartmentofHistory,Clark University,Worcester,MA01610-1477,USA,[email protected] JobbArnoldPhDCandidate,CulturalStudiesProgram,Queen’s University,Belfast,UK,[email protected] WiebeArtsPublicInformationOfficer,DutchVeteransInstitute,Doorn, Netherlands,[email protected] YehudaBauerAvrahamHarmanInstituteofContemporaryJewry,Hebrew University,91905MountScopus,Jerusalem,Israel, [email protected] IrwinCotlerParliamentaryOffice,Ottawa,ONK1A0A6,Canada, [email protected] FrancisM.DengSpecialAdviseroftheSecretary-Generalonthe PreventionofGenocide,NewYork,NY10017,USA,[email protected] RichardJ.GoldstoneInternationalBarAssociation’sHumanRights Institute(IBAHRI),InternationalBarAssociation,W1T1ATLondon,UK DouglasGreenbergExecutiveDeanofArtsandSciences,Rutgers,State UniversityofNewJersey,NewBrunswick,NJ08901-1248,USA, [email protected] RebeccaJ.HamiltonPrinceton,NJ08540,USA,[email protected] BenKiernanDepartmentofHistory,YaleUniversity,NewHaven, CT06520-8324,USA,[email protected] MaryKimaniUnitedNations,OfficeoftheSpecialAdvisoronAfrica, NewYork,NY10017,USA,[email protected] xi xii Contributors KrzysztofKotarskiCentreforMilitary&StrategicStudies,University ofCalgary,Calgary,ABT2N1N4,Canada,[email protected] CatherineLuDepartmentofPoliticalScience,McGillUniversity, Montréal,QCH3A2T7,Canada,[email protected] FrédéricMégretFacultyofLaw,CentreforHumanRights&Legal Pluralism,McGillUniversity,Montreal,QCH3A1W9,Canada, [email protected] LuisMoreno-OcampoInternationalCriminalCourt,Officeofthe Prosecutor,TheHague,Netherlands,[email protected] RenéProvostFacultyofLaw,CentreforHumanRightsandLegal Pluralism,McGillUniversity,Montreal,QCH3A1W9,Canada, [email protected] GérardPrunierCentrenationaldelarecherchescientifique,75794Paris Cedex16,France,[email protected] MarkThompsonOpenSocietyFoundation,MediaProgram,W60LE London,UK,[email protected] SamuelWalkerLL.M.Law,TheOldSchools,UniversityofCambridge, CB21TNCambridge,UK,[email protected] NoahWeisbordDukeUniversityLawSchool,Durham,NC27708,USA, [email protected] BinxinZhangRenminUniversityofChinaLawSchool,100872Beijing, China,[email protected] WenqiZhuRenminUniversityofChinaLawSchool,100872Beijing, China,[email protected]