P1:TIX/UKS P2:SFK Color:1C JWST142-fm JWST142-Lane January28,2012 13:18 Trim:244mmX168mm Critical Risk Research P1:TIX/UKS P2:SFK Color:1C JWST142-fm JWST142-Lane January28,2012 13:18 Trim:244mmX168mm Critical Risk Research Practices, Politics and Ethics EDITED BY Matthew Kearnes Francisco Klauser Stuart Lane A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication P1:TIX/UKS P2:SFK Color:1C JWST142-fm JWST142-Lane January28,2012 13:18 Trim:244mmX168mm Thiseditionfirstpublished2012©2012byJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd. Wiley-BlackwellisanimprintofJohnWiley&Sons,formedbythemergerofWiley’sglobal Scientific,TechnicalandMedicalbusinesswithBlackwellPublishing. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Kearnes,Matthew. Criticalriskresearch:practices,politics,andethics/MatthewKearnes,FranciscoKlauser,and StuartLane. p.cm. Includesindex. ISBN978-0-470-97487-2(cloth) 1. Environmentalengineering. 2. Riskmanagement. 3. Technology–Moralandethical aspects. I. Klauser,FranciscoReto. II. Lane,StuartN. III. Title. TA170.K432012 361.1–dc23 2011047553 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprint maynotbeavailableinelectronicbooks. Setin9.5/13ptMeridienbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India FirstImpression 2012 P1:TIX/UKS P2:SFK Color:1C JWST142-fm JWST142-Lane January28,2012 13:18 Trim:244mmX168mm Contents Contributors,vii Preface,xi 1 Introduction:RiskResearchafterFukushima,1 MatthewB.Kearnes,FranciscoR.Klauser&StuartN.Lane Part1 PracticesinRiskResearch,21 2 PracticesofDoingInterdisciplinaryRisk-Research: Communication,FramingandReframing,23 LouiseJ.Bracken 3 ReligionandDisasterinAnthropologicalResearch,43 ClaudiaMerli 4 ‘Risk’inFieldResearch,59 SarahR.Davies,BrianR.Cook&KatieJ.Oven Part2 PoliticsinRiskResearch,77 5 FindingtheRightBalance:InteractingSecurityandBusiness ConcernsatGenevaInternationalAirport,79 FranciscoR.Klauser&JeanRuegg 6 GoverningRiskyTechnologies,99 PhilMacnaghten&JasonChilvers 7 TechnologiesofRiskandResponsibility:AttestingtotheTruth ofNovelThings,125 MatthewB.Kearnes Part3 EthicsinRiskResearch,149 8 EthicalRiskManagement,butWithoutRisk Communication?,151 StuartN.Lane v P1:TIX/UKS P2:SFK Color:1C JWST142-fm JWST142-Lane January28,2012 13:18 Trim:244mmX168mm vi Contents 9 IntheWakeoftheTsunami:ResearchingAcrossDisciplinesand DevelopmentalSpacesinSouthernThailand,173 JonathanRigg,LisaLaw,MayTan-Mullins,CarlGrundy-Warr& BenjaminHorton 10 SocialWorkinTimesofDisaster:PractisingAcrossBorders,197 LenaDominelli 11 Conclusion:Reflectionson‘Critical’RiskResearch,219 StuartN.Lane,FranciscoR.Klauser&MatthewB.Kearnes Index,237 P1:TIX/UKS P2:SFK Color:1C JWST142-LOC JWST142-Lane January16,2012 8:5 Trim:244mmX168mm Contributors LouiseJ.BrackenisReaderinPhysicalGeographeratDurhamUniversity.Shespecialisesinthe scienceoffluvialgeomorphologyandthepracticesofinterdisciplinaryworkingthroughtranslating scienceintopracticalsolutionstoreal-worldenvironmentalproblems.Louise’sresearchexplores thecomplexrelationshipswithinriversbetweentheprocessesthatgenerateandsupplyrunoff andfinesediment,processesthatmovethewaterandsedimentthroughtheriversystemandhow knowledge’sofriversareusedinpracticetomanagethenaturalenvironment.Thisresearch matterstothemanagementofriversystemstodayandinthefuture,sinceunderpredictedclimate changewater/sedimentsystemswillchangesignificantly.Louise’sworkisshapingpolicy regardingriverhabitats,directsinstitutionalwaysofworkingwithriversandisestablishing newresearchagendas.Sheisoneofafewinternationalphysicalgeographersrecognisedfor pioneeringworkinfluvialprocessesandsimultaneouslyconductingleadinginterdisciplinary researchacrossthenaturalandsocialsciences.Shecanbecontactedat [email protected]. JasonChilversisLecturerattheScience,SocietyandSustainabilitygroup,Schoolof EnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofEastAnglia.Hisresearchfocusesonrelationsbetween environment,science,policyandsociety,andspansstudiesofgovernance,appraisal,public understanding,andpublicparticipationinrelationtoscience,technologyandenvironmentalrisk issues.Hehaspublishedwidelyonthesethemesinbooks,policyreports,andpeer-reviewed journalssuchasScience,Technology,andHumanValues,EnvironmentandPlanningAandtheJournal ofRiskResearch.Recentpublicationsincludeaneditedspecialissueonnetworksatthe science-policyinterface(Geoforum,2009)andSustainableParticipation?(Sciencewise,2010).Heis thedirectorofaninternationalESRCseminarserieson‘Criticalpublicengagement’andrecently servedontheRoyalSocietyKohnAwardPanelforExcellenceinEngagingthePublicwith Science.Hecanbecontactedat:[email protected]. BrianR.CookisapostdoctoralresearcherattheUNESCOCentreforWaterLaw,Policyand ScienceattheUniversityofDundee.Hisresearchexploresthedynamicinteractionsbetween knowledgeandbehaviourinrelationtothewater/riskinterface.Heisinterestedinthepower embeddedinfloodmanagementknowledgesandpractices.Thisworkhastakenhimfrom analysesoffloodimpactsinCanada,tonationalscaledecisionmakinginBangladesh,tothe non-governmentalorganisationsthathavecometomediatecatchmentmanagementintheUK. Hehasco-editedaspecialissueofEnvironmentalHazards,whichassembledkeythinkersand practitionerstochallengeprevailingnarrativesandassumptionsoffloodingandflood managementinBangladesh.Hecanbecontactedat:[email protected]. SarahR.DaviesisaresearcheratArizonaStateUniversity’sCenterforNanotechnologyin Society(CNS-ASU).Herresearchinterestsareinpublicengagementandpublicunderstandingsof science,scienceinmuseums,andthegovernanceofnewandemergingtechnologies.HerPhDwas carriedoutinImperialCollegeLondon’sScienceCommunicationGroup;sincethen,shehas workedatDurhamUniversity(initsInstituteofHazard,RiskandResilience)andasaPublic EngagementFellowatBeaconNorthEastbeforemovingtoCNS-ASU.Shehaspublishedin journalssuchasScienceCommunication,ScienceasCultureandPublicUnderstandingofScience,and hasco-editedthreevolumesScienceandItsPublics(CambridgeScholarsPublishing,2008), vii P1:TIX/UKS P2:SFK Color:1C JWST142-LOC JWST142-Lane January16,2012 8:5 Trim:244mmX168mm viii Contributors UnderstandingPublicDebateOnNanotechnologies:OptionsForFramingPublicPolicies(European Commission,2010)andUnderstandingNanoscienceandEmergingTechnologies(Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft,2010).Shecanbecontactedat:[email protected]. LenaDominelli holdsaChairinAppliedSocialSciencesintheSchoolofAppliedSocial SciencesandisAssociateDirectorattheInstituteofHazards,RiskandResilienceResearchat DurhamUniversitywheresheHeadstheProgrammeonVulnerabilityandResilience.She currentlyholds(asPI)aMajorESRCfundedprojectentitled‘InternationalisingInstitutionaland ProfessionalPractices’and(asCI)anothersignificantEPSRCfundedprojectentitled,‘Climate Change,theBuiltInfrastructureandHealthandSocialCareProvisionsforOlderPeople’. Alongsidethewealthofexperienceshehashadasauniversityeducatorandresearcher,shehas workedinsocialservices,probationandcommunitydevelopment.Shehaspublishedwidelyin socialwork,socialpolicyandsociology.Severaloftheseareclassicsandhavebeentranslatedinto manylanguages.Sheisrecognisedasaleadingfigureinsocialworkeducationglobally.Herlatest bookisentitledGreenSocialWork.ProfessorDominelliwaselectedPresidentoftheInternational AssociationofSchoolsofSocialWork(IASSW)from1996to2004,andiscurrentlychairingthe IASSWCommitteesonDisasterInterventionsandClimateChangeandisrepresentingthesocial workprofessionattheUnitedNationsdiscussionsonclimatechange,includingthosetobeheldin Durban,SouthAfricafrom29Novemberto12December2011.Shehasalsobeentherecipientof varioushonoursincludingaMedalin2002forhercontributiontosocialworkgivenbytheSocial AffairsCommitteeoftheFrenchSenateandanhonorarydoctoratein2008fromtheUniversityof KwaZulu-NatalinDurban,SouthAfrica.Shemaybecontactedat:[email protected]. CarlGrundy-WarrisaSeniorLecturerattheDepartmentofGeography,NationalUniversityof Singapore.Hehasengagedinlong-termfieldworkwithinmainlandSoutheastAsiaonpolitical geographiesofforceddisplacement,borderlands,environmentalresourcepolitics,andthehuman geographiesofnaturalhazards.Hehaspublishedinnumerousjournalsandco-editedBorderscapes: HiddenGeographiesandPoliticsatTerritory’sEdgewithPremKumarRajaram(Universityof MinnesotaPress,2007).Heiscurrentlyengagedininternationalcollaborativeprojectson livelihoodandenvironmentalsecurityintheMekongBasin,andgeographiesofpublic healthinwetlandsassociatedwithfood-borneparasites.Hemaybecontactedat [email protected]. BenjaminHortonisanAssociateProfessorintheDepartmentofEarthandEnvironmental ScienceattheUniversityofPennsylvania.HeworksintheSeaLevelResearchLaboratoryand focusesontherelationshipsbetweenclimateandsealevelchangeseekingtobetterunderstand theexternal(suchassea-levelandclimatechange,earthquakesandtsunamis)andinternal mechanisms(includingthecoastalsedimentarybudget)thatcontributetothesea-levelchanges weobserveandreconstruct.Hemaybecontactedat:[email protected]. MatthewB.KearnesisaSeniorLecturerinInterdisciplinaryEnvironmentalStudiesinthe SchoolofHistoryandPhilosophyattheUniversityofNewSouthWales,Australia.Hisresearch focusesonunderstandingtheroleofscientificandtechnologicalthinkinginthepoliticsand policiesofcontemporarydemocracies.Focusingparticularlyonresearchinareassuchas nanotechnologyandsyntheticbiology,hehasauthored,withPhilMacnaghtenandJames Wilsdon,GoverningattheNanoscale:People,PoliciesandEmergingTechnologies(Demos,2006)and co-editedaspecialissueofScienceasCultureon(Re)ImaginingNanotechnology.Hecanbecontacted at:[email protected]. FranciscoR.KlauserisAssistantProfessorinpoliticalgeographyattheUniversityofNeuchaˆtel, Switzerland.Hisworkfocusesontherelationshipsbetweenspace,surveillance/riskandpower, withaparticularfocusonpublicurbanspaceandplacesofmobility.Hisresearchinterestsalso includeurbanstudiesandsocio-spatialtheory.Inrecentyears,FranciscoKlauserhasdeveloped aninternationalportfolioofworkonissuesofsecurityandsurveillanceatsportmega-eventsand intheaviationsector.Hecanbecontactedat:[email protected]. P1:TIX/UKS P2:SFK Color:1C JWST142-LOC JWST142-Lane January16,2012 8:5 Trim:244mmX168mm Contributors ix StuartN.LaneisProfessorofGeomorphologyattheInstitutdeGe´ographie,Faculte´des Ge´osciencesetl’EnvironnementattheUniversite´deLausanne,Switzerland.Heisageographer withsometrainingincivilengineeringandhaswonmanyprizesforhisresearch,concernedwith modellingandremotesensingofriverflow,sedimentandsolutetransport,riverecologyand floods.HeistheEditor-in-ChiefofthejournalEarthSurfaceProcessesandLandformsandhas co-editedanumberofrecentpublicationsincluding,LandformMonitoring,ModellingandAnalysis (1998,Wiley),HighResolutionFlowModellinginGeomorphologyandHydrology.(1999,Wiley AdvancesinHydrologySeries)andComputationalFluidDynamics:ApplicationsinEnvironmental Hydraulics(2005,Wiley).Stuartisparticularlyinterestedinthewaysinwhichthepracticeof sciencecanbedemocratisedparticularlyinthefieldofriskmanagement,andiscurrentlyengaged inanumberofresearchprojectsinthisarea.Hecanbecontactedat:[email protected]. LisaLawisSeniorLecturerintheSchoolofEarthandEnvironmentalSciences,JamesCook University,Cairns.Sheisaculturalgeographerwithinterestsintherelationbetweenpeople,place andidentity–mostlyinSoutheastAsia–andhastaughtinAustralia,SingaporeandtheUnited Kingdom.SheisauthorofSexWorkinSoutheastAsia:ThePlaceofDesireinaTimeofAIDS(Routledge, 2000),andco-editor,withIenAngandMandyThomas,ofAlter/Asians:Asian-AustralianIdentitiesin Art,MediaandPopularCulture(PlutoPress,2001)and,withLilyKong,aspecialissueofUrban Studiestitled“Contestedlandscapes,Asiancities”(2002).Shehasrecentlytakenupapost asanEditorofAsiaPacificViewpoint,aWiley-Blackwelljournalpublishingarticlesin geographyandallieddisciplinesabouttheAsiaPacificregion.Shecanbecontactedat [email protected]. PhilMacnaghtenisProfessorofGeographyatDurhamUniversity.Hisresearchfocusesonthe ethicalandsocietaldimensionsofnewscienceandtechnology,publicdeliberationand anticipatorygovernance,narrativeapproachestopolicymaking,andthestudyofsocio-nature.His principalpublicationsinclude:ContestedNatures(Sage,1998),BodiesofNature(Sage,2001), GoverningattheNanoscale(Demos,2006),ReconfiguringResponsibility(EuropeanCommission,2009) aswellasanumberofeditedcollectionsandpapers.Hecontributestodebatesonthegovernance ofscienceandtechnologyintheUK,EuropeandBrazilandisamemberoftheEPSRC’sStrategic AdvisoryNetwork.Hecanbecontactedat:[email protected]. ClaudiaMerliisLecturerinAnthropologyatDurhamUniversity.Shespecialisesinmedical anthropology.Herresearchondisastersfocusesonthereligiousandtheologicaldiscourses followingnaturalhazards,andtheincreasingapplicationofPTSDdiagnosticcategoryacrossto addressdisasters’consequencesinpost-disasterlocalpopulations.Sheconductedfieldresearchon IslamicandBuddhisttheodiciesinSouthernThailandintheaftermathofthe2004IndianOcean tsunami(December2004–March2005;March–June2006).SheisauthorofBodilyPracticesand MedicalIdentitiesinSouthernThailand(UppsalaUniversityPress,2008).Shecanbecontactedat [email protected]. KatieJ.Ovenisapost-doctoralresearchassociateintheDepartmentofGeographyandthe InstituteofHazard,RiskandResilience(IHRR),undertakingapplied,interdisciplinaryresearchon ‘natural’hazardsanddevelopment.KatiehasfieldexperienceinNepal,Taiwan,NewZealandand morerecentlytheUK.Herdoctoralresearchinvestigatedthevulnerabilityandresilienceofrural communitiestolandslidesintheNepalHimalayausingamixedmethodsapproach.Katie’s researchinterestsincludecombininglocalandoutside‘scientific’knowledgefordisasterrisk reduction(DRR),andthegovernanceofriskandresilienceatcommunityandnationalscales.She hasrecentlycompletedaNERC/ESRC-fundedscopingstudyaspartoftheIncreasingResilienceto NaturalHazardsprogrammeexploringtheseissuesinthecontextofseismic-relatedhazardsin Nepal.KatieiscurrentlyaPDRAonamulti-disciplinaryEPSRC-fundedprojectwhichaimsto developstrategiestoensuretheinfrastructuresandhealthandsocialcaresystemssupportingthe wellbeingofolderpeopleintheUKwillbesufficientlyresilienttowithstandtheimpactsof extremeweathereventsunderconditionsofclimatechange.Shecanbecontactedat [email protected]. P1:TIX/UKS P2:SFK Color:1C JWST142-LOC JWST142-Lane January16,2012 8:5 Trim:244mmX168mm x Contributors JonathanRiggisaProfessorofGeographyatDurhamUniversity.Hehaslongfieldexperience inSoutheastAsia,workingmainlyonissuesofruraldevelopmentencompassingsuchthemesas rural-urbanrelationsandinteractions,migrationandmobility,andsustainablelivelihoods.Hehas authoredandeditedanumberofbooksincludingSoutheastAsianDevelopment:CriticalConceptsinthe SocialSciences(Routledge,2008),AnEverydayGeographyoftheGlobalSouth(TaylorandFrancis, 2007),LivingwithTransitioninLaos:MarketIntegrationinSoutheastAsia(Routledge,2005),Southeast Asia:TheHumanLandscapeofModernisationandDevelopment(Routledge,2003),andMorethanthe Soil,RuralChangeinSoutheastAsia(PrenticeHall,2001).Hecanbecontactedat: [email protected]. JeanRueggwastrainedasageographerandanurbanplanner.Heisnowaprofessoroflanduse policiesattheUniversityofLausanne.Heisparticularlyinterestedinthedynamicsoperating betweentheproductionofterritorialrelationsandthemechanismsdesignedfortheirregulation. Heistheco-editor,withSimonRichozandLouis-MBoulianneofSante´etDe´veloppementTerritorial: EnjeuxetOpportunite´s(PPUR,2010)[email protected]. MayTan-MullinsisalecturerwiththeInternationalStudiesdivisionofTheUniversityof Nottingham,Ningbo,Chinacampus.Herresearchinterestsarenon-traditionalsecurityissuessuch asenvironmental,foodandlivelihoodsecuritymatters.Sherecentlyco-edited,withVictor Savage,TheNagaChallenged:SoutheastAsiaintheWindsofChange(EasternUniversitiesPress,2005). [email protected]. P1:TIX/UKS P2:SFK Color:1C JWST142-PRE JWST142-Lane January16,2012 8:8 Trim:244mmX168mm Preface Thisvolumewasbornofacollaborationofagroupofscholarsconnected totheInstituteofHazard,RiskandResilience,DepartmentofGeography, DurhamUniversity.Thebreadthofsubjectmattercoveredinthisvolume is a testament to the intellectual scope of the institute and extraordinary scholarlyenergyandenthusiasmitenables.Thepublicationofthisvolume is also a timely reminder of the intellectual breadth of ‘risk research’. In- cluded in this collection are papers dealing with the aftermath of natural hazards, the risks of new technology and the increasingly interconnected strategies adopted to ‘secure’ public spaces. As the asymmetric threats of global terrorism and the novel risks of new technologies continue to oc- cupy the contemporary political imagination, alongside the threats posed by natural hazards, the scope of this collection is indicative of the ways inwhichriskresearchhasbecomeakeysiteofinterdisciplinaryexchange betweenoftendiverseapproachesandintellectualtraditions.Aseditorswe arethereforeindebtedtoallofthecontributorstothisvolume.Itwasonly their enthusiasm and energy that has made this project possible. Thanks arealsoduetoRachaelBallard,IzzyCanningandFionaWoodsatWiley- Blackwell for the work they have both devoted in making the publica- tion of this volume possible. We are grateful to Cosette Stirnemann at NeuchaˆtelUniversityforformattingthechaptersofthiscollection. MatthewKearnes FranciscoKlauser StuartLane March2012 xi