OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,2/4/2018,SPi DOING PHILOSOPHY OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,2/4/2018,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,2/4/2018,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,2/4/2018,SPi 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OXDP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries ©TimothyWilliamson Themoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin Impression: Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber: ISBN –––– PrintedinGreatBritainby ClaysLtd,StIvesplc LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,2/4/2018,SPi CONTENTS Preface vii ListofIllustrations ix  Introduction   StartingfromCommonSense   Disputing   ClarifyingTerms   DoingThoughtExperiments   ComparingTheories   Deducing   UsingtheHistoryofPhilosophy   UsingOtherFields   Model-Building   Conclusion:TheFutureofPhilosophy  ReferencesandFurtherReading  Index  OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,2/4/2018,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,2/4/2018,SPi PREFACE I owe many thanks to the people who have helped in the devel- opment of this book at various stages with their perceptive comments: Jennifer Nagel, Peter Momtchiloff, Andrea Keegan, and Jenny Nugée at Oxford University Press; the anonymous referees;aboveall,mywifeAnaMladenovi(cid:1)cWilliamson. Inafewplaces,Ihaveputmoretechnicaldetailsofanideaina displaybox.Somereaderswillfindthemhelpful,buttheycanbe skippedwithoutbreakingtheflowofthemainargument. OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,2/4/2018,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,2/4/2018,SPi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS  Leopardandimpalas.NaturePictureLibrary/ AlamyStockPhoto   Universitymastersinadisputationoverthe definitionofhappiness,withanaudienceofstudents, fromathirteenth-centuryParisiancopyofa commentaryonAristotle’sNicomacheanEthics. NationalLibraryofSweden,MSVa   C.E.M.Joad,philosopherasmediacelebrity, sstyle.ARTCollection/AlamyStockPhoto   DavidChalmers’zombietwinistheoneon theleft.JamesDuncanDavidson(CCBY-NC.); Kues/Shutterstock.com   Whatbestexplainsthese?AnnaMoskvina/ Shutterstock.com   Turing’smachinein   Fourpioneersofquantifiedmodallogic:clockwise fromtopleft,Avicenna(IbnSina,–); RudolfCarnap(–);SaulKripke(–); RuthBarcanMarcus(–).Granger/REX/ Shutterstock;LibrarySpecialCollections, CharlesE.YoungResearchLibrary,UCLA; bypermissionofTheRuthBarcanMarcus FamilyTrust;©RobertP.Matthews, PrincetonUniversity 