i EchoesofSuccess © koninklijkebrillnv,leiden,2015 | doi10.1163/9789004294424_001 ii  History of Warfare Editors KellyDeVries(Loyola University Maryland) JohnFrance(University of Wales, Swansea) MichaelS.Neiberg(United States Army War College, Pennsylvania) FrederickSchneid(High Point University, North Carolina) VOLUME104 Thetitlespublishedinthisseriesarelistedat brill.com/hw  iii Echoes of Success Identity and the Highland Regiments By IanStuartKelly LEIDEN|BOSTON iv  Coverillustration:1stGordonHighlanders,SheffieldRailwayStation,August1911.Providedbyandused withthekindpermissionoftheGordonHighlanders’Museum. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Thispublicationhasbeentypesetinthemultilingual‘Brill’typeface.Withover5,100characterscovering Latin,ipa,Greek,andCyrillic,thistypefaceisespeciallysuitableforuseinthehumanities. Formoreinformation,pleaseseebrill.com/brill-typeface. issn1385-7827 isbn978-90-04-29218-5(hardback) isbn978-90-04-29442-4(e-book) Copyright2015byKoninklijkeBrillnv,Leiden,TheNetherlands. KoninklijkeBrillNVincorporatestheimprintsBrill,BrillHes&DeGraaf,BrillNijhoff,BrillRodopiand HoteiPublishing. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,translated,storedinaretrievalsystem, or transmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise, withoutpriorwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher. AuthorizationtophotocopyitemsforinternalorpersonaluseisgrantedbyKoninklijkeBrillnvprovided thattheappropriatefeesarepaiddirectlytoTheCopyrightClearanceCenter,222RosewoodDrive, Suite 910,Danvers,ma01923,usa. Feesaresubjecttochange. Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper.  v For George McLennan, Jamie (Arnold) Henderson, and Peter Graham, representing Highland soldiers, and for the finest regiment there was— no’ deid yet … ⸪ vi  ContentsContents vii Contents Preface ix Acknowledgements xi List of Tables and Figures xii Introduction 1  ScottishinBritishService 2  RevealingIdentity 10 1 Identity 15  Warrior‘Races’ 20  TheQuestionof‘Identity’ 23  TheDriveforIdentity 25  DualNaturesofIdentity 29  ElementsofIdentity 32 2 Highland Battalions 36  Establishment 37  DivergentPaths 46  ConvergingPaths 50  Reform 53  ReorganisationandBeyond 57 3 Highland Soldiers 67  Regionality,NationalityandMigration 71  Pre-EnlistmentExperience 76  MilitaryCareers 84 4 Discipline and Military Law 90  MilitaryLaw 93  MilitaryCrime 101  DisciplineintheHighlandBattalions 106 5 Faith and the Army 116  TheThinBlackLine 117  PersonalFaith 123  PublicPractice 130 viii Contents 6 Education 136  Pre-EnlistmentEducation 139  EducationwithintheArmy 142 7 Narratives 150  Language-basedCommunication 151  RegimentalMusic 161  MaterialCulture&Art 169  TheDrums&TheColours 178 8 In Garrison & On Campaign 182  Pre-1881Status 185  TheReorganisation 188  AftertheReorganisation 192 9 Institutional Correlations 208  HighlandandScottishFoundations 210  HighlandBattalionsandtheBritishState 215  HighlandBattalionsandtheEmpire 221 Conclusion 228 Select Bibliography 237 Index 258 TPPAALCTLIICICSSCFCCHCHCDCECNCIIICInndnnnneeaaaiirrdohohohhhhhhhccaiiissettddseellisbbggkkGurnnnaaaaaaaaatteerrttncffeehhrlloohnnicpppppppppaacctccooeeaiatxxtllepddaccttoolltttttttttuiffraatauuoonteeeeeeeeeteeruuliwwBBnntTTnyiivssiffrrrrrrrrrtinccosiiaaddiiodesllbbCC152346789ttoooeenebbsniiBSllddtnnnoooolliiaahoeeooaggnnnnnl&esslteeggttdCtdeemmrraaAaiOaaonnnneMlrppeeirnttrddmornnsshhsienlCFFttyyyilssstiiaaaggtmruuiyorrpneeLasssaigwn vviixxxxT1W6R9M1PF11SR13EPM1PET2H2222U11TTE3TDCRR69MDPP111LRMT1HHPOU22DA2xx33585115582233660550iiciiiia7700eairrruusdlhhhhheeeeeo66fnniiutiiiiiii660022geiiiaaeee7788o88tt88vsbrgggnhgvfogbbueeeeelllnappeuamtrosc---iiiethhheliigrellcetttv1EErlorbteTomuuiQDDRrrriiga8aaallluirpiareeecsNmnnsgnaaaltnobbhsealrrri8rruihtarnleshSeinnnahllasPyyyriuoanalliiig1ngeiineoviintnonehlldddtsslrrmssi‘iseCLCSisgdeiRutusnnCettagtmFnhhRttB-atammaBBaoarracrayIsiagfPbauPeeielwwiolcndteoBe,rfaatnncimaatadd&lireeoPMeeitsnNnredttuetroIiiicctshnnettsrattudsimnPShseotIsneaekaaTthhguoSartttd’reeitrfdstllashhcfesiatesLaiEEiiiniecniItnimhoooosre‘CniooncdHxd&ytIyninntnidtndnpoStCesuatthiessSaieiaAyegnmderctosBelontyaahryratiahrlievutminniAtotoltrSetyyaiiiFrydduyntcornouocnoaymeruSncettnndnus’hhoersydidncBcueeedaraMBEscattimrettioiagistonplriiasniohrtsneioSsntate xx2177111222323455589111111111222222211733908001245668672332710390114445ii43678ii9031056125281971015 Preface Preface ix Preface Historiansrarelygettheopportunitytoseetheresultofyearsofresearch,read- ing,writing,anddiscussionencapsulatedinjustafewminutes.Thenotion ‘echoesofsuccess’isanongoingprocess,sometimesteasedoutofhistorical records,sometimesunexpectedlyleapingtolife. On30May2014,LieutenantColonelGilbertJuarez(CommandingOfficer,1st LightArmedReconnaissanceBattalion(TheHighlanders),UnitedStatesMa- rineCorps)presidedoverananniversaryparadetocelebratetheinceptionof theLightArmedInfantry/LARprogram.WhentheColoursmarchedon,the BattalionColourwasdevoidofitsservicestreamers.Onebyone,representa- tivesfromthebattalionpresentedastreamertoenliventheColourswhilethe MasterofCeremoniesreadouttheactionsthathadearnedeachstreamer. ColonelJuarezthenaddressedtheassembledbattalion.Herecountedthebat- talion’shistoryofserviceinsupportofcivilpowerintheUSaswellascombat operationsinsouthwestAsia.HereadaletterfromGeneralDavidPetraeus (Commander,USCentralCommand)thatpraisedtheaccomplishmentsofthe LARcommunityandrecommendeditsexpansion.HereadtheSilverStarcita- tionforStaffSergeantTheodoreHolderII(1stLAR,killedinaction11November 2004whileprotectingavehiclecrew).ColonelJuarezthenconcluded: Thatspiritlivesontodayinyou,theMarinesandSailorsoftheHighland- ers.Whatwedohereiswebuildteams,platoons,andcompaniesaround theseironhorsesofwarandthatisnosmallfeat.Ittakesevery[military occupationalspecialty]…andouralwayspresentbrothers-in-arms,our Corpsmen,andthesupportofyourfamiliesforustobeabletoaccom- plishthemissionasateam.Theworkissometimeshard,oftendirty,but itisvitallyimportanttotherelevance,credibility,andcapabilityofthis DivisionandthegreaterMarineCorps.ToalltheMarinesandSailors, especiallythemostjunior,itisyouwhowillensurethatthelegacyand reputationofthisbattalioncontinuesinthecomingdecades.Icharge younowwithrememberingthatyourreputationwasearnedatacostly price,thatyouractionsnowandinthefuturearethethingsthatwill honorthememoriesofourfallenandthesacrificesoftheirfamilies.Itis withyouthattheresponsibilitynowliestoensurethattheHighlanders remainalwaysreadytorespondinthemostcompetentandcapableway asitalwayshas.IwanttothankeachandeveryformerHighlanderforall youhavedone,andtothecurrentHighlandersforallyouwillcontinueto