Logout succeed
Logout succeed. See you again!

embryonic development and the life cycle of angiosperms nora cooper PDF
Preview embryonic development and the life cycle of angiosperms nora cooper
How To Make A Seed EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE LIFE CYCLE OF ANGIOSPERMS NORA COOPER | JAZMIN SAMANO | DOMINIC SAADI Why Study Seeds? o Within the next fi*y years we will need to produce more food than in all of human history and we must do it with fewer inputs on less arable land o If we understand which genes do what in seed development, we can manipulate them to engineer more efficient crops o Most importantly, fi*een crops compose our food source and of these fi*een over half are seed bearing. How imperaIve are these studies? o Currently the world populaAon is a liBle under 7.2 billion. o By 2050, the populaAon is esAmated to be at 10 billion people. Arable land per capita (ha in use per person) o An increasing populaAon combined (1961-‐2050) – Jelle Bruinsma (2009) with a daily loss of arable land accounts to an esAmated 0.46 acres per person in 2050. 1 Hectare=2.4715 acres hBp://www.ourworldindata.org/data/food-‐agriculture/land-‐use-‐in-‐agriculture/ Why Study Arabidopsis Thaliana? o “The flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana is an important model system for idenAfying genes and determining their funcAons.”-‐ Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana o Short generaAon Ame of about 8 weeks from seed to seed o Small size (20-‐25cm) o Large number of offspring o RelaAvely small nuclear genome (~25,000 genes; 135 Mbp) The Life Cycle of Flowering Plants o Before anything else, we need to understand how healthy seeds develop so that we can assess which step of the process is interrupted o Anatomy of Flowers o Gametogenesis o Double FerAlizaAon o Embryogenesis o Anatomy of a Seed Anatomy of a Flower o A Flower is the reproducAve structure of a flowering plant and it is o*en known as a bloom or a blossom. o A Flower consists of four whorls: the calyx, the corolla, the androecium, and the gynoecium. Flower Anatomy Breakdown: Part 1 THE CALYX THE COROLLA o The next whorl in a flower which consists of o The outermost whorl which consists of the units called petals. Petals are modified leaves green sepals. that surround the reproducAve parts of the o Typically funcAons as protecAon for the flower. flower in the bud and protecAon for the petals o They are o*en brightly colored or unusually in the bloom. shaped to aBract pollinators. Flower Anatomy Breakdown: Part 2 THE ANDROECIUM THE GYNOECIUM o The following whorl consisAng of the stamen o The inner most whorl of a flower which is also also known as the male part of the flower. known as the female reproducAve part of the flower. The gynoecium consists of: o The stamen consists of two parts: a stalk called the filament, and an anther “top” where o one or more units called carpels which form a pollen is produced. hollow structure called an ovary. o And the sAgma, the sAcky Ap of the carpel which receives pollen. Pollen Development: Microgametophyte o Microsporogenesis is the first of two disAnct processes o Ends in the formaAon of microspores (single-‐celled pollen grains) Pollen Development: Microgametogenesis o Microgametogenesis is the second process o Ends with the development of a three-‐celled microgametophyte (pollen grains)