Frontmat.fm Page i Saturday, September 16, 2000 1:28 PM Employment, Disability, and the Americans with Disabilities Act Frontmat.fm Page ii Saturday, September 16, 2000 1:28 PM PSYCHOSOCIAL ISSUES General Editor Eric A. Plaut, M.D. Advisory Board Solomon Cytrynbaum, Ph.D Kenneth I. Howard, Ph.D. Alan A. Lipton, M.D., M.P.H. Thomas F. A. Plaut, Ph.D., M.P.H. Frontmat.fm Page iii Saturday, September 16, 2000 1:28 PM Employment, Disability, and the Americans with Disabilities Act Issues in Law, Public Policy, and Research Edited by Peter David Blanck Northwestern University Press Evanston, Illinois Frontmat.fm Page iv Saturday, September 16, 2000 1:28 PM Northwestern University Press Evanston, Illinois 60208-4210 Compilation copyright © 2000 by Northwestern University Press. “Employing People with Disabilities: Some Cautionary Thoughts for a Second-Generation Civil Rights Statute” copyright © 1997 by Michael Ashley Stein. Published 2000. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN 0-8101-1688-X (cloth) ISBN 0-8101-1689-8 (paper) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Employment, disability, and the Americans with Disabilities Act: issues in law, public policy, and research / edited by Peter David Blanck p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8101-1688-X (cloth : acid-free paper) — ISBN 0-8101-1689-8 (pbk : acid-free paper) 1. Handicapped—Employment—Law and legislation—United States. 2. Discrimination in employment—Law and legislation—United States. 3. Handicapped—Legal status, laws, etc.—United States. I. Blanck, Peter David, 1957–. KF3469.E48 2000 344.7301'59—dc21 00-008840 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Frontmat.fm Page v Saturday, September 16, 2000 1:28 PM Contents List of Figures and Tables ix Preface xi INTRODUCTION The Evolving ADA 3 Paul Steven Miller Part One: Road Map to ADA Title I CHAPTER I A Road Map for ADA Title I Research 19 Scott Burris and Kathryn Moss CHAPTER II Employing People with Disabilities: Some Cautionary Thoughts for a Second-Generation Civil Rights Statute 51 Michael Ashley Stein CHAPTER III Glass-Ceiling Issues in Employment of People with Disabilities 68 Wendy Wilkinson and Lex Frieden Part Two: Implementing ADA Title I Law CHAPTER IV The Nonevolution of Enforcement under the ADA: Discharge Cases and the Hiring Problem 103 Steven L. Willborn CHAPTER V The ADA Employment Discrimination Charge Process: How Does It Work and Whom Is It Benefiting? 118 Kathryn Moss Frontmat.fm Page vi Saturday, September 16, 2000 1:28 PM CHAPTER VI Compliance with the ADA and Employment of Those with Mental Disabilities 146 Teresa L. Scheid CHAPTER VII Professional Licensing, Screening for Disabilities, and the ADA 174 Stanley S. Herr Part Three: The Economics of ADA Title I CHAPTER VIII The Economics of the Employment Provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act: Workplace Accommodations 201 Peter David Blanck CHAPTER IX Employer Accommodation of Older Workers with Disabilities: Some Empirical Evidence and Policy Lessons 228 Thomas N. Chirikos CHAPTER X Estimating the Potential Benefits of the ADA on the Wages and Employment of Persons with Disabilities 258 Marjorie L. Baldwin Part Four: Research on Implementation of ADA Title I CHAPTER XI Genes in the Workplace: New Frontiers for ADA Law, Policy, and Research 285 Robert S. Olick CHAPTER XII Occupational Injuries among Workers with Disabilities 315 Craig Zwerling, Nancy L. Sprince, Charles S. Davis, Robert B. Wallace, Paul S. Whitten, and Steven G. Heeringa CHAPTER XIII Assistive Technology in the Workplace and the Americans with Disabilities Act 329 Heidi M. Berven and Peter David Blanck Frontmat.fm Page vii Saturday, September 16, 2000 1:28 PM CHAPTER XIV Attitudes, Behavior, and ADA Title I 356 Mollie Weighner Marti and Peter David Blanck Part Five: Culture and Policy in ADA Title I CHAPTER XV Bodies and Environments: The Cultural Construction of Disability 387 Douglas C. Baynton CHAPTER XVI From Colonization to Civil Rights: People with Disabilities and Gainful Employment 412 Karen Hirsch CHAPTER XVII Avoiding Iron-Door Barriers to the Employment of Persons with Developmental Disabilities 432 Tom Walz and Lea Anne Boucher CHAPTER XVIII Completing Stories 447 Steve Thunder-McGuire CONCLUSION ADA at a Crossroads 463 Marca Bristo Author Index to the Chapters 469 Subject Index to the Chapters 477 Notes on Contributors 483 Frontmat.fm Page viii Saturday, September 16, 2000 1:28 PM Frontmat.fm Page ix Saturday, September 16, 2000 1:28 PM Figures and Tables FIGURES Chapter I. A Road Map for ADA Title I Research Figure 1: Dimensions of ADA Title I Policy and Research 22 Figure 2: A Heuristic Model of Multidisciplinary Title I Research 29 Figure 3: Flow Chart of Individual Law Use under Title I 33 Chapter IV. The Nonevolution of Enforcement under the ADA Figure 1: ADA Employment Cases 104 Figure 2: ADA Hiring and Discharge Cases 106 Figure 3: Disabilities and the Wage Line 112 Figure 4: Marginal Productivity and Margin of Error 113 Chapter XIII. Assistive Technology in the Workplace and the Americans with Disabilities Act Figure 1: Patents Issued between 1977 and 1995 Mentioning Physical, Visual, or Hearing Impairments 336 Figure 2: Patents Mentioning the ADA Classified by Application and Issuance Year 338 Figure 3: Patents Mentioning the ADA Classified by Type 339 TABLES Chapter V. The ADA Employment Discrimination Charge Process Table 1: Cases Received by Disability Type 124 Table 2: Nature of Allegation 126 Table 3: Outcome of All ADA Employment Discrimination Charges Processed and Closed by EEOC and FEPA Offices through June 30, 1995 128 Table 4: Amount of Benefits 130 Frontmat.fm Page x Saturday, September 16, 2000 1:28 PM Table 5: New Jobs and Reinstatements Resulting from All ADA Employment Discrimination Charges Processed and Closed by EEOC and FEPAs through June 30, 1995 131 Table 6: Benefit Rate by Disability Type 133 Table 7: Benefit Rate by Race/Ethnicity and Gender 134 Table 8: High, Average, and Low Benefit EEOC Offices 136 Table 9: High, Average, and Low Benefit FEPA Offices 137 Chapter VI. Compliance with the ADA and Employment of Those with Mental Disabilities Table 1: Sample and Response Rate 156 Table 2: Compliance with the ADA 159 Table 3: Organizational Factors Affecting Compliance 162 Table 4: Compliance Rationales 164 Table 5: Degree of Discomfort with Various Types of Employees 167 Table 6: Assessment of Stigma against Those with Mental Disabilities 168 Chapter IX. Employer Accommodation of Older Workers with Disabilities Table 1: Job Accommodation Frequencies 241 Table 2: Selected Health Characteristics 244 Table 3: Determinants of Job Accommodation 246 Table 4: Determinants of Work Status at Follow-Up 248 Appendix: Variable Definitions and Summary Statistics 251 Chapter X. Estimating the Potential Benefits of the ADA on the Wages and Employment of Persons with Disabilities Table 1: Impairment Groups 261 Table 2: Sample Statistics for Impairment Groups 267 Table 3: Means and Coefficient Estimates of the Employment Function 269 Table 4: Means and Coefficient Estimates of the Wage Equation 271 Table 5A: Employment and Wage Losses Attributed to Discrimination (Male) 273 Table 5B: Employment and Wage Losses Attributed to Discrimination (Female) 275