Encyclopedia of Biometrics Stan Z. Li Editor Anil K. Jain Editorial Advisor Encyclopedia of Biometrics With683Figures*and88Tables *ForcolorfigurespleaseseeourElectronicReferenceonwww.springerlink.com Editor StanZ.Li Professor CenterforBiometricsandSecurityResearch ChineseAcademyofSciences Beijing China EditorialAdvisor AnilJain Professor DepartmentofComputerScience&Engineering MichiganStateUniversity EastLansing,MI USA LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009929415 ISBN:978‐0‐387‐73002‐8 Thispublicationisavailablealsoas: ElectronicversionunderISBN978‐0‐387‐73003‐5 PrintandelectronicbundleunderISBN978‐0‐387‐73004‐2 (cid:1)2009SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewrittenpermissionofthepublisher (SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC.,233SpringStreet,NewYork,NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwith reviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Useinconnectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computer software,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyarenotidentifiedassuch,isnottobe takenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubjecttoproprietaryrights. springer.com Printedonacid‐freepaper SPIN:11878742—543210 Preface TheEncyclopediaofBiometricsprovidesacomprehensivereferencetoconcepts,technologies,issues,andtrendsin the field of biometrics. The volume covers all important aspects – research, development, and applications, includingbiometricsensorsanddevices,methodsandalgorithms,samplequality,systemdesignandimplemen- tation, databases, performance testing, information security, and standardization. Leading experts around the world contributed to this collection of over 200 in-depth essays accompanied by more than 600 definitional entries. The focus of the encyclopedia is on immediate, yet comprehensive, information in an easy-to-use format which is accessible to researchers and scientists, system designers, engineers, programmers, students, practi- tioners,andgovernmentagentsworkinginthebroadfieldofbiometrics.Itisavailableasaprinteditionaswellas afullysearchableversionwithextensivecross-referencingandupdatesasnewtrendsandtermsarise. Key Features at a Glance (cid:1) Servesasanimmediatepointofentryintothefieldforin-depthresearch (cid:1) Covers biometrics of face, fingerprints, iris, vein, voice, hand, ear, gait, skin, tongue, dental, odor, skull, andDNA (cid:1) A–Zformatallowsintuitiveandeasy-to-useaccess (cid:1) Cross-referencedentries (cid:1) Internationally renowned editorial board, from across the scientific and engineering disciplines and geographies (cid:1) Balancedcoverage Acknowledgments Iamgratefultoallthepeoplewhohaveplayedapartintheproductionofthisencyclopedia.Firstofall,mydeep gratitude to Anil K. Jain, Editorial Advisor for sharing his knowledge and expertise, and important advice and suggestionsforthisencyclopedia.Ourstellarteamofareaeditorshasdoneexcellentworkinwriting,inviting,and reviewingthecontributionsfrommanyleadersofthefield.MysincerethankstoAndyAdler,JosephCampbell, Raffaele Cappelli, Christophe Champod, Stephen Elliott, Julian Fierrez, Jean-Christophe Fondeur, Carmen Garcia-Mateo,JosefKittler,HaleKim,AjayKumar,DavideMaltoni,AleixMartinez,MarkNixon,GeppyParziale, FernandoPodio,SalilPrabhakar,ArunRoss,MariosSavvides,Yoichi Seto,ColinSoutar,Wei-YunYau,PongC. Yuen, and David Zhang. I would like to thank these area editors for their help in creating this book and the numerous authors for their individual contributions. Special thanks are due to people at Springer for their enthusiasm, advice, andsupport.Jennifer Evans,SusanLagerstrom-Fife, Michaela Bilic, Tina Shelton, andAnil Chandyhaveplayedkeyrolesatdifferenttimesinthedevelopmentofthisbook. StanZ.Li Editor-in-Chief #2009SpringerScienceþBusinessMedia,LLC Editor StanZ.Li Professor CenterforBiometricsandSecurityResearch ChineseAcademyofSciences Beijing China [email protected] Editorial Advisor AnilK.Jain Professor DepartmentofComputerScience&Engineering MichiganStateUniversity EastLansing,MI USA [email protected] Area Editors ANDYADLER JEAN-CHRISTOPHEFONDEUR SystemsandComputerEngineering SagemSe´curite´ CarletonUniversity LePonantdeParis-27,rueLeblanc-75512 1125ColonelByDrive ParisCedex15 Ottawa,ONK1S5B6 France Canada [email protected] [email protected] CARMENGARCIA-MATEO JOSEPHP.CAMPBELL TelecommunicationEngineeringSchool InformationSystemsTechnologyGroup UniversityofVigo MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology 36310Vigo 244WoodStreet Spain Lexington,MA02420-9108 [email protected] USA [email protected] JOSEFKITTLER RAFFAELECAPPELLI FacultyofEngineering&PhysicalSciences UniversityofSurrey DepartmentofElectronics,InformaticsandSystems Guildford,GU27XH (DEIS) UK UniversityofBologna [email protected] ViaGaspareFinali 56 Cesena Italy HALEKIM [email protected] SchoolofInformation&Communication Engineering CHRISTOPHECHAMPOD 253Yonghyun-dong InstitutdePoliceScientifique Nam-ku,Incheon,402-751 EcoledesSciencesCriminelles Korea Universite’deLausanne [email protected] 1015Lausanne Switzerland AJAYKUMAR [email protected] DepartmentofChemicalEngineering&Chemistry TheHongKongPolytechnicUniversity STEPHENELLIOTT HungHom,Kowloon DepartmentofIndustrialTechnology HongKong PurdueUniversity [email protected] WestLafayette,IN47907-2021 USA [email protected] DAVIDEMALTONI DepartmentofElectronics,InformaticsandSystems JULIANFIERREZ (DEIS) EscuelaPolitecnicaSuperior UniversityofBologna UniversidadAutonomadeMadrid VialeRisorgimento,2 Bologna 28049Madrid Cesena Spain Italy julian.fi[email protected] [email protected] #2009SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC x AreaEditors ALEIXMARTINEZ MARIOSSAVVIDES DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering TheOhioStateUniversity CarnegieMellonUniversity 2015NeilAvenue 4720ForbesAvenue Columbus,OH43210 Pittsburg,PA15213 USA USA [email protected] [email protected] MARKNIXON YOICHISETO DepartmentofElectronicsandComputerScience AdvancedInstituteofIndustrialTechnology UniversityofSouthampton TokyoMetropolitanUniversity SO171BJ Tokyo UK Japan [email protected] [email protected] GEPPYPARZIALE COLINSOUTAR iNVASIVECODE 273,BroadwayAvenue AvdaPassapera17-17310LloretdeMar(GI) Toronto,ONM4P1W1 Barcelona Canada Spain [email protected] [email protected] FERNANDOPODIO WEI-YUNYAU AgencyforScience,Technology&Research ComputerSecurityDivision InstituteforInfocommResearch NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology 1FusionopolisWay (NIST) #21-01Connexis(SouthTower) Gaithersburg,MD Singapore138632 USA Singapore [email protected] [email protected] SALILPRABHAKAR AlgorithmsResearchGroup PONGC.YUEN DigitalPersona DepartmentofComputerScience RedwoodCity,CA94063 HongKongBaptistUniversity USA KowloonTong [email protected] HongKong [email protected] ARUNROSS LaneDepartmentofComputerScienceandElectrical DAVIDZHANG Engineering DepartmentofComputing WestVirginiaUniversity TheHongKongPolytechnicUniversity Morgantown,26506WV HungHom,Kowloon USA HongKong [email protected] [email protected]