EVERYDAYF ORMSO F STATEF ORMATION Revolutainodtn h eN egotiaotfiR ounl e inM oderMne xico Editbye d GilbMe.Jr ots eph and DaniNeulg ent DukUen ivePrrseiDstsuy r haanmLd o ndo19n94 '- �...) �< b� l .q:.c,.J \0\q\.� \ ; Sponsobryet dh Jeo inCto mmittee on LatiAnm ericSatnu dioefts h eS ociSacli enRcees earch Councainldt heA mericCaonu ncoiflL earnSeodc ieties, witfhu ndfsr otmh eA ndreWw. M elloFno undatainodn theN ational Endfoowtrmh eeHn utm anitainedsi ,n cooperawtiitothnh eC entfeorUr . S.-MexSitcuadni es, UniverosfiC tayl iforSnainDa i,e go. DUKUEN IVSEIRTPYR ESS © 1994 Alrli ghrtess erved Printientd h eU niteSdt atoefAs m erica ona cid-fpraepee r oo LibraorfCy o ngreCsast alogiPnugb-liinc-ation Data appeoanrt hel asptr intpeadg oef t hibso ok. Contents Forewolrmade Cs.S covtiti Prefaxciei i StaFtoer matiPohniC logirapr nix vii I THEORELTP IRCLOAEGMOENA PopuClualrt aunrSdet aFtoer matiinRo env olutMieoxniacroy GilMb.Jes oretap nhDd a nNiueegnl3t WeapoannsAd r chients h Mee xicRaenv olutLiaonndasrcya pe AlKaning ht2 4 IIE MPIRLIS CTAUDIES Refclteioonnts h Reu ins: EFvoerrmoysfSd taayFt oer matiino n NineteenthM-eCxeinctFoul ryo rEeM.na clil6ao9 n Foracnetd h See arfcoChro nsentR:o loTefht ehJ efai utarPslo rticas ofC oahuiinNl aat ioSntaaFlto er matRioonm Faanlac I0o 7n RethinMkeixnigcR aenv olutMioobnialriyz YautciaotnSa:en a'sso ns ofU phea1v9a0l9,- 19G15i lMb.Jes oretp1h3 5 Schoooflt shR ee voluEtniaocnta:in nCdgo ntesSttianFtgoe r misn Tlaxc1a9l1a0,- 19E30l sie 1R7o0c kwell MultiSpellee cTtraidviet iinoA ngsr arRieafnoa rnmAd g rarSitarnu ggle: PopuClualrt aunrSdet aFtoer matiinto hEjne i odfNo a miquipa, ChihuahDuaan Niugeelan nAtdn Maa arA {l on2s0o9 TorchiLnaPg ur fsiDmaan,c ianttg h Ael tTahre:C onstruocfRt eivoon­ lutioHneagreym oinnMy i choa1c9a3n4,- 19M4a0j roBreicek2 e47r Contvein ts The" ComuniRdeavdo luciIonnsatriitauT chieSo unbavle"r:os fNi ao­n tivGeo vernmienHn itg hlCahnida p1a9s3,6 -19J6na8R us2 65 TheS educotfito hInen noceTnhteFs i:rT sutm uulotuMso menotfMs a ss LiterianPc oys trevolMuetxiiocnAoar rym ando3 0B1a rtra TheF atoeft hVea nguuanrddae R re volutSitoanMtaaerr:yx iCsomn'­s tributtoti hoCeno nstruocftt hiGeor ne Aartc hB arCrayr3 r2 6 IlAlT HEORETRIECPARLI SE Hegemoannytd h Lea nguoafCg oen tentWiiolnl Rioasme b3e5r5 ry EveryFdoarymo sfS taFtoer matSioomnDe:i ssiRdeemnatro kn"s H ege­ mony"D erSeaky e36r7 Bibliogr3a7p9h y Inde4x1 3 Contribu4t2o9r s Foreword Moscto nferaenntdch eceso llecotfei sosnatsyh seo yc casiosnpaalwlny achieavtbe e,sa tp ,a per-tthheimnau tnii.cTt hyerye semibntl hete,e lling phraosfBe arrinMgotoorn"e a,d ogb'rse aasktfT.h"ee ditionrs su,c h casmeuss,lt a bmoirg httiofl ays hait oenn ucoounsc eptthuraeilano d r der tot iteh e etsosgaeytsah necdro nvians ckee ptriecaadtleh rat th eayra el l parotft hsea maen alyetnitcearlp rise. Thivso luamnetd h ceo nferengceen etrhiaatbtt,yew d a yo fc ontrast, begawni tahs hardpelfiyn perdo blTehmer. e siuaslc to lleocfte isosna ys exhibair tairdneeg g roefee m pirriiccahlan entsdhs e mautniicMt uyc.oh f thcer edfiottrh ibse lontogG si Jlo seapnhdD aniNeulg efnothr a ving thougthhtr ouagnhds tattehdie s suleisn ksitnagft oer matpioopnu,l ar cultaunrtdeh ,Me e xicraenv oluwtiitsohun cc hl a.rC irteydiiastl sdoute o thocsoen tributors,A lapKnan ritgiBhcituRl,lol as relbyea rnrydD, e rek Sayewrh,ot ooikut p otnh emsetlocv leasrs iofmoyef t hmea jcoorn cep­ tuailss uFeisnl.aym l,ia br idliect htaeuu ,t hoofer asc ehm pirsitcuaddloy i, n facdti,r eactdldyrt ehstesh orrneyl atiboentswheihepen g emopnrioc­ cessaensdr esistfaotnrhc aept a tcohft heM exiceaxnp eritehnecye examiTnhee.ay r ael ilno, t hweorr dpsa,ro tft hsea mceo nversation-the samdei scucrosmimvuen .i ty Ia mn ote,v erne motaeM ley,x icaAnnidas ltt.h oIu ghhat vheo ught abotuhtie s soufeh se genmy,od ominaatnidroe ns,i sitnat nhcceoe n text ofS outhAesaisaatf , o rewiohsra dr dtlhpyel atcore a icsoem plceoxn cep­ tuaplr oblleematsl ,o pnree sutmose o ltvhee Wm.ha tIc adno i ssu ggest somlei noefcs o mparativteh aIist nu qsupmieircgythb tef ruiatnfdiu,ifl t Forewvoiridi doensos to utnodio r resptohnrsooiuwabt f l eepw,r ovocqauteisvtei ons abohuetg emtoown hyi Icc ha nnproett teohn vaded efiniivatenw sers. "Whawtat sh e elxopcearloi fte hnMece ex irceavunot liHoonww! a s ,r /t/heixsp ereimebnocdieinl eo dcv aalla unepdsr acWthiacrtee ?l adtiido n \\thelsoecv aall aunepdsr acticteot shp eob setarre avroMyle uxtiicoann staatnetd ot hoef fi"csitacalut loetft " hr ee lvuotiIonon nf!ea shoiro n anhoet,tr heqsuee satriceoo nnses ribedydv r iutalalltylhc eo nbturtitoor s thbioso Tkh.e empihnma ysr iesa,do iftn hge imso, n a ssestshien g varidaebglrteeow e h ircehp retsievoneftts ha set aptrveea i(lie.iden ., esthaibgln ainsmda intaail nairdngeegg roefhe e gemcoonnisce nt). Sien,ac sm osatu thaogrrse eq,u essutcaihrpoe rn osc easnsdduo a ln ot permsittao trbi ican rayn wserast,t enitsfi oocnuo sne dtt ehero mfs thceo ntinneugaoltl(iyaa nttdye pdi fcraalglpiyol lei)et qiucialli brium thercerbeyaA tm eodrr.ea raeslkyqe udeo snt-iobnoet h more dialecti­ caaln Gdr am�ns-ciiasl psoos teodw :h aetx theantsth set ahteeg'es­ monic iptrsobejeleeifcnnl t uf enbcye dft ohreoc fpe o puelxapre rience anodfm obilpiozpeuedlx apre ctoaftt hireoe nvtsoil oun? Theq uestpioosinentsd h ees stahyfasot l bleoaawfr a mily resem­ blatnoct ehe eon rmosucsh loydl iaarloovgeure thea nmldee agnaicnyg oft hFer enrcehv oolnMu.at uirAigucleh oinn ,l hainsd mwaorrkk, La Ripubaluvi liqaelgau,se k ed omfta hnseya mqeu estaibootnuhstle o cal varioaftn htFesr enrcehvu otli(oAungl h1o9n7 0H)e.u nedrsttohoadt three vuotliboonre ev,e rywthhmeear reok,fis tp sa rtilcoucdlavealer l op­ menItn.as rao stf haec ttoirms,is nogcs,it arlu catneudcr oen,o gmiivce ns ofa nlyo cya'rlsei vutotliopnraorcwyee srdsei stiivienct,co tublesd a id theaatcm hu nilcyiia tpneada vchia lghlea idto swu nn irqeuvetoo ilnFu.o r onveia lgtleh beun rigon fl iosfft esu dduaemlsi gohctc ucpeyn sttearg e, foarn otthhseeer i ozfiwn oogd lanmded aoawfn,oda r n otthhbeeur r den ofp ostretviooyln cuaornscrainptdth iroeanag tasip nosptup laiarsrh pire(satisstn h e t"ecvroorulenuatriVyoen"n deaen)fd,o a rn otthheeenr d of ano utosin teOhrfce o.u trhsee red iwveirwseii tochnoismn m unities anidn,p rinocnicepo lueel,vd es nat yh eaatcf ha m(irole ya cihni dvidual, fotrh maattt ehra)id st o wn parFtriecnrucelhvta oirlo Aungu.l ahlosno askaesdd o,m anoyft haeu tshh oerreex,a cwthlalyto ntge-rimnt situ­ tiosnmyablo,l aincrd,i tsueiadmle tnhtre e volluetbfietoh niI nfd .t he Frenrvceohl uitasin oyn ghueiradene,Id s uspieitcs Mt,e xicaannds Mexicawnibileslq t usae rlrianbgoi uattn d liegtafsco mryo rteh aan cetnutroyc ome. Asa n on-xMiecainneirtsetsi tnaeg adrr ihains taonqrduy e stoifo ns dominaItfi inotdnh ,e sshpeececirita fiynv da ertioyf r eovlutionary lmaesS coitxt C. experdieesnccrehiseb roeefsd up rassiinntgeA rneycs atr.e dfeuatlillye d empirciacsiaaesll w afyasr richgeern aetlrhiaznat thtiahotben e sc an extrafcrtoiemtTd a.k inagdv anotfta hgreei chonfte hses sctausdIei es, venturber ioae brfsfv eeiawot ns. A relvuotiiasol nas noi t nerreBgentuwmte.he en mowmheeann t preuvsri eogidsmieit negraanttdeh sme o mewnhte n a neiws regime firmilnyp lalcieae p so litteircrtaahliah nta r sa rbeeleyen x amined clo.sS etlayte-dceesnctrrioipftct h ipioesnr stiy oipdc ally iemtpsh asize ancahrcy,h aaonsid,n csueyr.Fi otmra ncyi tiazncedon msm unhiotwi­es, eveirmt,a rye prears eemnatr kable ptearxaienossdd t e as wtuirt­hout veillapa enrcwieho,ed pn e rceiinvjeudcs atbnier c eevse risnse hdoa;r t, resopfia tueto omnyI.np laocfte h eu as"lod vetryed"ie gsncrsiowb eeldl byC harTlilelyts,h t ee rm "ovfsa ocvueeuirmgy "no tr" loscoavle rye"i gnt migshevtre b etTtheree. n odf t hietn errecganonuf mtb eecn o ncep­ tualtihzeaenasdr, ,e conquestp,e ascosemofemutelit,vmi iemoselo sef n t, thceo untbryys tihdeeo ftah gseeu nctcsse tsasOtonere . puorfsp uocshe reconqitusore esptlsa ce" oftl"hvk ea rliooaftcnh rateel v oolnwu ittih the officialo frv eevrtosiliouyon onar rdTearex.sa raef rueeqnbto noef contieoTnnht.u fso,tr h Nea miqudiepsacnrbsiy Nb ueegdn t Aannad Alontshroee vuotlidoinnd o itn ucdlteh set ea-tsiaonnceeitjddo ori ts triyb uttaaxarensd; tfhopere arsyao nfTt laxecxaalmai bnyEe lds ie Rocklwle,r etlvhuoetm ieoanan net n d tot assxc.eh ool OrlaFnidgo(e 9 s18 9h)a esx amilnoecpdar la ctoifsc cehso oling, taxleasnd,di viasnigdoo nev,r nainnsc eev eprrvaoiln ocfeE su reoapn Russdiuanr gti hisp obrsretiveoofln yuai trneirtreginonur mdt eor under­ stasnodm etohfti haneug t onopmooluiostft i hpcees a scaonmtm uyA.n it simiinlqayur,bi ergsuown e illnt hviosl usmeee,em vsem no riem portant iMne xicsoe,v erfreoaarls ontsh.iet n eFrirreswgtanm,suu mcl ho nigne r Mexicoi nRtu shsiaSnae .c otnhdMe,e xirceavnoo lntu,oat f iagrer ater exnttte hatnhR eus siwaansc, o an steolfll oacrtvaeiolol nu ttihhoaantds H takreonwo etb eftohree snteawwta cesr eaFtielndyat.,lh r ee voolnu­ti arMye xisctaawnta (esh adb etf?oa)m r o raec commnogad,an ftdoi fra r lontgheatrnh R eus sioaftn h,ee x oltoicvcaa lr iiaetnn tcso untered. Thvea ricootunrsi bsuetetomoar gs rteheia ft tiohsne bera ess iocc ial fact thatt hcpeoo rnsedtvuiottliiyoos nnhasar opfse t arteel awtiitohn s localiiitts th ileeo sce,ax lp eroifpe onlciet imciaallrim ytoa bnzidalo tini. Iits vaeylrw le ltloe xamtihndeefi freenbceetsw tehevena launeds rotuineemsb edidnpeo dp uclutalurar netd h orseep rebsyetn hstete adt e h anidta sg enttshc.ia sshI eon,w e,v eetsrpeo pulahr aovdfa tlbeuenee sn thbea soifms o bilitzhaaittnti uorpnnr odutcheseda criafinecgre,s , Forewxo rd meomray,n pda ttoefcr onlsl eaccttitivhoetan rt a nsfpoerompaelnded comumniietPse.o dplinedo jtu "shta vvael"tu heepsyr f eertrehdeh;ya d showtnh emsaenlodvt ehste hrtasht e cyo uelnda acntid m potsheo se valuoefsta,eg na ignrseotad td Tsh.ee ssayJso sbeKypn hhi,tg a,n d NugeanntAd l onesmop hatl"ts�is zymeob laincpd o lictaipc,iagtlea nle r­ atebdyt heixsp erwiheinFlclree��n ,c iMaa llr�ominn dusst hatth is mobiliazntadht eio vnfae ulluiientsg a hp arde hyi,as ltte oairsPntu ebla, int hcei vwialor f t hlea 1t5e80 sI.nR uisast hewraeas l sa"o d ress reheairns0 a51bl,9u"r t u rmaolb iliwzanasot ntie oansr olln eyg tnhoysr o inusttiiotnaasil Mni ezxeidTc hoid.si ffemraegyno sc oemw ea tyo ward explatihnlenie gntoghf t hiene trreginnMu emx itchote,e nyao cfii tts lochaeeltr odoaxnitdeh cseo, m protmhies ewssat osab tleit gome adk e. But tnhwoeht o wlaeyp ,e rhTahpeps o.s treavroMyle uxtiiscotanant e, though acs huiroleftdl h yEe n lightaennodmf ne itnnetee ntuhr-yc ent veiwosf s ciepnrtoigfiwrcae fssa slr,e dseset rmeidin,st e etmhsa,wn a s Lenitnof orach eih g-mdoernciesntt,r uatloipzgeirdaoi,nnds ociaett y nom atwthearct o st. How" rooittseh dree" v uotliionn populari tnch cueol mtmuur­e and niy?t TihAsig su lshq oune'stainaodln ts,ho oa ftm ancyo tnribtuot ors thviosl uNmoet.ih coew,e tvehtrah,tqi use sitnsio ottnh s ea maesa sking a howd ose-novremlaaynti din stiltluyt-intoahntei aonnldao lce axl­ presosfti horene slv uotairoAen . r evoclaubntefi i romrnlo yo dteesdp ite subnsttniaoarlm adtiifvfee renctehse,as rdepeif r feeornvcitedhsee d state isn octo mmittotc ersduh iRnogc.k wpealeplrf',os er x ampslheo,ws carefhuolwtl hyse c hoiosal n egottieaartiriennd wmhiicnhi mum nati/obnuarleacurcirtaaertmreiei actan w dh iactthh ,se a mtei msee,rv es asah osotfq utied iffenroectno tn,t roiyarf,ld oicciatneltr eTshtetsw .o visiofos ncshd ooon loq tu i"tmeao pne" a cohte hrb,un te itahrteeh rea y sourocfe gcroenaftIl nti hcseta .m fea isohonn,ei magtihnaettsh e prerleuvtoiyfo onClaakrt holoifMc iicshmo daecsacnrb iyMb aejrdo rie Beecrmk gihnto hta ve saanat ribcsihfise'hdssot pandfaoorrrd tdsho oxy. NeveerltethshMsee, x icchaunr ch had pleoanwcgie t hm aidmfeu chi,t s not faohlltelke, dr ooxy. Itfh dee groefne o rmamtiisvael iignsno mntece nets saar reilliya ble indoiroc fac tonftlhiepcnet r,h tah.pde se groefie nt situtmiiosnaalli gn­ menmti gbheSt.h ouwlede nx'ptie ntcsit tustyinocnratelomt aiksema for morsee amwleebbs est wtehenena tiaonntdah lleo craelvu otliTohne? suprriassniwnegir fu, n eIdr sttahinemd p oofr tpt ahpebe yJr a Rnu isns,o ! In hiCghhilaatpnhadteasr d,i taiuotnhaol(r sictrriniiecbsie p-aapnlde st)h e carsgyos ttehmee yml pohyva ec omteor epnrtets hreee voolnyua tri lmaeCs.S coxtit estiasbhlmIentn htpe.r octehsehsya vael bseoc otmheae g eonftc se n­ tarlizaantldia odnii lnnufoe naclielnt, h nea moeft hdee feonftsa red­ i toinF.af rr olmei gtimtihz"enii snutgtoi intalriezvueotdli tohnre,e "ts iulng syncrseetritvsodem es l egitthsietm aiTtzheede.y n amRiucps o rtirsa ys strnilgkysi imitloRa orm aFnaaln c'aosn aloyfhs oiwst hPeo rfisr iato' asmsiilaotfli oocna l btohsjfeseta euspr aofvstli isacev arestdo l iDnfkza 's regtiomt eha er bietxrearrocyfpi esres poonwa,tel hr erdeebltyei gmiizing iatm otnhge poIpnusltaictseuy.nt cirowenitaalilplas p rme nntollteyt g ii­ mizare e gismole o nagsip te rsmt ihlteo craelp rteasteoinfv eststh aet e freely tthore ve voiloultyavi taolentu ahertasht e ir phoaipsnfu, al catc,e takteohn e art. Thee mpiricaalsw eslatsltu hsdeyi tnehsee tsiscba yyJ so seapnhd NugeKnnthi,tg R,o srerbayen,S da yaelsrlt rgolsnyu ggtewsfotu ertrh concluTshiefio rnisstst.h w aetc annsoitm ptalkyief t o grr anttheadt staetleeish t aav" eh egempoorjneiacctt "Ta hlimlsu. sb tea ne mpirical questiaop nr,ep spnuoostiS teicooannn.dd , miomproer taahlnottu,g h onmea oyc casiboean baltloesl pye oafakh egenmipocrj oeocfts t ate etleiosn,me u satl wasypse apko poufcl ualrta unrrdee sisttosa uncche projientch tpesl uTrhaselt .r eanngrdte lhsi ieonfpc oep urleasri sttoa nce anhye gemporneoicjclt i perse ciisnie tplsly u yr.Aa slR iotsrerboyeb ­ serviehsta, ns o unciotuanryt erhoefigs toe wmno nitymo p ossee;e kist ratthoee rv aSdei.n cdeo enisot t speoankve o wiiictcteha , n nboet silewnictaesh di nbgllooewf f orocrre h etIomtra iydci .us igistes ienl f hegemdorneaisncsd o gnio tm ser ryo-rn ostom erryy-,iw noarfmally cotnreanvionfgfi cialI mtra ey,aa sdl oit thdieee tsie.nr vemdia lgleorfs NamaquCihpiah,u ahua, NduegseacnnrtAdi l boends ob,y refuse hege­ monic adnardse ssiestor swt n l occalla tioml sa nadns dt aItmtuas ,y. finy,as lpleaal nkag uatgheias sti mupnlieynl tlliwegi hitibtnhp eer aviling discoursaess- ommouetfc h hde e fendduarntithnsCeg h iccaognos pir­ actyr isatlooo ndt hdee fetnasbaeln edr ,a tthhearmn a kianl ge gal defecnhsaeend,"t OoooOoomo,o om." Thaen yasloifhse gempornoiccei assc s oeenspc ttuhailci wknhe itc h morteh an one cslceiiveshentart bs e selonoc siItant.l h ietn eroefs t proocvatainoadng nostIiw ciiclsllmo w,sih et fae qwu eosntasib out hegemtohnoayut g thobt e a nwserweidts ho mcel abreiftwoyer c ea n expemcutcc ho nceapdtnvucaaeFl.i r hsotwc, o hesaisav h ei,s torical maetrta,rm eo setl ihteemg oenpirco jSeecotcnsda?,s sumtihtnahgte y cana,tt hlee voefil d ebaesd ,e scraisrb eeads ocnoahbelshyio vwe , cohveeas riteh ewyh etnh eayrt er ansiltnaop treadc Wthiacte t?ah ree relartoilovefeis d eraostu,i nreist,u a"lssy,ml biatocnr di biuntt hei"s