Helping Young Refugees and Immigrants Succeed This page intentionally left blank Helping Young Refugees and Immigrants Succeed Public Policy, Aid, and Education Editedby Gerhard Sonnert and Gerald Holton HELPINGYOUNGREFUGEESANDIMMIGRANTSSUCCEED Copyright©GerhardSonnertandGeraldHolton,2010. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2010 978-0-230-62196-1 Allrightsreserved. Firstpublishedin2010byPALGRAVEMACMILLAN®inthe UnitedStates-adivisionofSt.Martin’sPressLLC,175FifthAvenue, NewYork,NY10010. WherethisbookisdistributedintheUK,Europeandtherestof theWorld,thisisbyPalgraveMacmillan,adivisionofMacmillan PublishersLimited,registeredinEngland,companynumber785998, ofHoundmills,Basingstoke,HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabove companiesandhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnited States,theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-38373-3 ISBN 978-0-230-11296-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230112964 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Helpingyoungrefugeesandimmigrantssucceed:publicpolicy,aid,and education/editedbyGerhardSonnertandGeraldHolton. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferences. 1. UnitedStates—Emigrationandimmigration. 2. Refugees—United States—Socialconditions. 3. Immigrants—UnitedStates—Social conditions. 4. Childrenofimmigrants—Education—Social Conditions—UnitedStates. 5. Socialworkwithimmigrants— UnitedStates. I. Sonnert,Gerhard,1957– II. Holton,GeraldJames. JV6465.H42010 362.87(cid:2)5610973—dc22 2010004572 DesignbyIntegraSoftwareServices Firstedition:September2010 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Tothosewhohavebeenhelpingyoungrefugeesandimmigrantssucceed. This page intentionally left blank Contents ListofTables xi Introduction 1 GerhardSonnertandGeraldHolton Part I SettingtheStage:TheHistoricalFramework 1 QuestionsofSuccess:LessonsfromtheLastGreat Immigration 9 NancyFoner 2 ConceptualFrameworksforObstaclestoImmigrant Advancement:PerceivingImmigrantsintheContext ofSocietalChange 23 ReedUeda Part II LookingintothePast:SomeLessonsfromthe “SecondWave” 3 SuccessfulYoungRefugeesfromCentralEurope—Potential LessonsforToday 37 GerhardSonnertandGeraldHolton 4 TheSecondWaveandtheAmerican-JewishCommunity 51 NathanGlazer 5 HelpingYoungImmigrants/RefugeesBecome Entrepreneurs 61 ClarkClausAbt Part III RecentandCurrentWavesofYoungImmigrants andRefugees 6 AftertheColdWar:ComparingSovietJewishand VietnameseYouthinthe1980stoToday’sYoungRefugees 75 StevenJ.Gold viii CONTENTS 7 SecondGenerationAdvantages:RecastingtheDebate 89 MaryC.Waters 8 TheChangingRoleofRaceandEthnicityinthe IncorporationofRefugees,Immigrants,andtheirChildren 101 PhilipKasinitz 9 Young,Gifted,andWestAfrican:TransnationalMigrants GrowingUpinAmerica 113 MarilynHalterandVioletM.ShowersJohnson 10 MexicanImmigrantLegalizationandNaturalizationand Children’sEconomicWell-Being 129 FrankD.Bean,SusanK.Brown,MarkA.Leach, andJamesBachmeier Part IV EducatingImmigrants 11 SchoolingPathwaysofNewcomerImmigrantYouth 151 CarolaSuárez-OrozcoandFranciscoX.Gaytán 12 TheImportanceofRaisingMexicanAmericanHighSchool GraduationRates 167 JoelPerlmann 13 IncreasingConcreteKnowledgeandCommunityCapacity: HowCUNYandotherInstitutionsCanHelpReshape MexicanEducationalFuturesinNewYork 177 RobertSmith Part V InstitutionsProvidingAidtoYoung ImmigrantsandRefugees 14 TappingthePotentialofRefugeeYouth 191 RobertJ.CareyandJaneS.Kim InternationalRescueCommittee 15 ReasonsforLivingandHoping:StrangersNoLonger 209 JulianneDuncan UnitedStatesConferenceofCatholicBishops,Migrationand RefugeeServices 16 ProtectionofRefugeeandMigrantChildren:TheRole ofNonprofits 225 AnnieWilson LutheranImmigrationandRefugeeService CONTENTS ix 17 AFrameworkfortheCareofUnaccompaniedChildren 237 KenTota OfficeofRefugeeResettlement,U.S.DepartmentofHealth& HumanServices Part VI LookingintotheFuture 18 HomeCountryFarewell:TheWitheringofImmigrants’ “Transnational”Ties 253 RogerWaldinger 19 IsThereaLoomingPeriodofLiminalityforRaceand EthnicityintheUnitedStates? 267 RichardAlbaandHui-shienTsao References 279 Contributors 303 Index 311