W E N IINNSSIIDDEE YYOOUURR BBRRAAIINN WHAT DOES IT HOW DO WE MEAN TO BE MAKE AND STORE CONSCIOUS? OUR MEMORIES? CAN WE READ MINDS? DISCOVER THE INNER WORKINGS OF THE MOST COMPLEX COMPUTER IN THE UNIVERSE WHY DO WE DREAM? WHAT MAKES SOMEONE A PSYCHOPATH? WHY IS SLEEP SO IMPORTANT? ln a o t i it g i d i D E STUDY THE SCIENCE EXPLORE THE MEET THE FATHER BEHIND BEHAVIOURS BRAIN’S STRUCTURE OF NEUROSCIENCE N HIRD DITIO n IMAGINATION n EMOTIONS n MINDTRICKS n EXPERIMENTS TE Welcome to INSIDE YOUR BRAIN It’s no secret that the human brain is a marvellous thing. From the movements you rely on every day to the emotions you express, the dreams that feel real and the thoughts that whizz through your mind, the brain controls it all. Centuries of study have yielded many answers to its countless mysteries. We know about the synapses and neurons that make up the brain, and leading surgeons can now map someone’s brain and perform once impossible operations. But there is still so much that we don’t understand. What does it really mean to be conscious? Why do we have cognitive biases when the facts contradict us? And why are some people psychopaths who see the world in a totally different way? In this book you’ll explore some of the answers to these questions, chart the life of a pioneering neurosurgeon and relive some of the most bizarre experiments ever conducted in the endless quest to understand the brain. Future PLC Quay House, The Ambury, Bath, BA1 1UA Bookazine Editorial Compiled by Charles Ginger & Newton Ribeiro Designer Andy Downes & Steve Dacombe Senior Art Editor Andy Downes Head of Art & Design Greg Whitaker Editorial Director Jon White Magazine Editorial Editor Ben Biggs Designer Duncan Crook Editorial Director Gemma Lavender Photography All copyrights and trademarks are recognised and respected Advertising Media packs are available on request Commercial Director Clare Dove International Head of Print Licensing Rachel Shaw [email protected] www.futurecontenthub.com Circulation Head of Newstrade Tim Mathers Production Head of Production Mark Constance Production Project Manager Matthew Eglinton Advertising Production Manager Joanne Crosby Digital Editions Controller Jason Hudson Production Managers Keely Miller, Nola Cokely, Vivienne Calvert, Fran Twentyman Printed in the UK Distributed by Marketforce, 5 Churchill Place, Canary Wharf, London, E14 5HU www.marketforce.co.uk Tel: 0203 787 9001 Inside Your Brain Third Edition (HIB4492) © 2022 Future Publishing Limited We are committed to only using magazine paper which is derived from responsibly managed, certified forestry and chlorine-free manufacture. The paper in this bookazine was sourced and produced from sustainable managed forests, conforming to strict environmental and socioeconomic standards. The paper holds full FSC or PEFC certification and accreditation. All contents © 2022 Future Publishing Limited or published under licence. All rights reserved. No part of this magazine may be used, stored, transmitted or reproduced in any way without the prior written permission of the publisher. Future Publishing Limited (company number 2008885) is registered in England and Wales. Registered office: Quay House, The Ambury, Bath BA1 1UA. All information contained in this publication is for information only and is, as far as we are aware, correct at the time of going to press. Future cannot accept any responsibility for errors or inaccuracies in such information. You are advised to contact manufacturers and retailers directly with regard to the price of products/services referred to in this publication. 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Future plc is a public Chief executive Zillah Byng-Thorne company quoted on the Non-executive chairman Richard Huntingford London Stock Exchange Chief financial officer Penny Ladkin-Brand (symbol: FUTR) www.futureplc.com Tel +44 (0)1225 442 244 Part of the bookazine series CONTENTS Biology of the brain 032 Power of 010 Evolution of the brain imagination 014 Left versus right 016 Brain cells 017 The blood-brain barrier 020 The pituitary gland 021 Self-cleaning brain 022 Science of emotions 028 How do we make memories? 052 Xxxxxxxx 021 Self-cleaning brain Neuroscience 050 What is consciousness? 056 Why do we sleep and dream? 060 Science of listening to music 074 062 The study of neuroscience Mindtricks 064 Brain surgery 068 Harvey Cushing Tricks of the mind 070 Neural prostheses 074 Mindtricks 082 The placebo effect 050 088 Cognitive biases What is consciousness? Brainpower 032 Power of imagination 036 How the brain sees 038 Facial recognition 042 Anticipatory timing 043 Decision-making 088 044 Fight or flight Cognitive biases 006 Damage and disease 096 Diseases of the brain 100 10 famous experiments 108 Psychopaths: mad or bad? 096 122 Disease of the brain Future of brain surgery 124 Next steps in neuroscience The future of the human brain 114 Brain technology 100 122 Future of brain surgery 10 famous 124 The next steps in neuroscience experiments 007 BIOLOGY OF THE BRAIN 010 Evolution of the brain 010 How do our brains develop? 014 Left versus right Explaining the myth of the ‘creative’ and the ’logical’ brain 016 Brain cells The key cells that enable your brain to function 017 The blood-brain barrier Find out how this clever cranial cushion protects your brain while letting in the nutrients you need to survive 020 The pituitary gland All bow to the master gland 021 Self-cleaning brain When you go to sleep the brain is preparing for a major clean up 022 Science of emotions Get to grips with the chemistry behind your many emotions 028 How do we make memories Learn how the brain generates and stores memories in this unforgettable feature 014 017 008 022 020 028 021 009 BIOLOGY OF THE BRAIN The human BRAIN Described as the most complex thing in the universe, our brains are truly astonishing T he brain makes up just two per cent of our The cell bodies of the neurons, and their in time and space, and by type of chemical, to total body weight, but crammed inside connections, are contained within the grey decide what to do next. are approximately 86 billion neurons, matter, which consumes 94 per cent of the Scientists have been electrically and surrounded by 180,000 kilometres of insulated oxygen delivered to the brain. Different areas chemically stimulating the brain to see how it fibres connected at 100 trillion synapses. It’s a are responsible for different functions, and responds to different signals, recording vast biological supercomputer. wiring them together is a fatty network of fibres electrical activity to map thoughts and using The cells in the brain communicate using called white matter. imaging like functional MRI to track the blood electrical signals. When a message is sent, When a signal reaches the end of a nerve cell, flow increases that reveal when nerve cells are thousands of microscopic channels open, tiny packets of chemical signals spill out onto firing. The cells of the brain can also be studied allowing positively charged ions to flood across the surrounding neurons. These connections, inside the lab. Thanks to these investigations we the membrane. Afterwards, more than 1 million called synapses, allow messages to be passed know more about this incredible structure than miniature pumps in each cell move the ions from one cell to the next. Each neuron can ever before, but our understanding is only just back again ready for the next impulse. receive thousands of inputs, coordinating them beginning. There is so much more to learn. 010