INTENS Intensifier -iya-, -jiya-..................................................................................... 48 10 Indirect object clitic ................................................................................................. 60 IT1 Intransitive verb 1 'to sit, to stay, to be stationary'. ..... 87 oooo ................................... IT2 Intransitive verb 2 'to go, to come, to be in motion' ........................................... 87 IT3 Intransitive verb 3 'to fall, to go down, to arrive' ............................................... 88 IT4 Intransitive verb 4 'to say, to dO' ...................... 89 oo ................................................... LOC locative suffix ................................................................................... -n / -e page 16 m masculine gender .......... -ny suffix to substantives, -ji suffix to substantives & verbs MI0 Middle verb 10 'to say, to do' .............................................................................. 113 M12 Middle verb 12 'to go along' ....... 113 oo ....................................................................... M13 Middle verb 13 'to become' .................................................................................. 113 n neuter/plural gender .............................................. -m /-pe suffix to substantives NEG negative particle ................................................................................................... 121 Nguwan without the negative meaning ............................................................. 122 a ns non-singular includes -pe/-pu suffix to verbs and various forms of S and as prefix o Object ........................................................................................................................ 83 PAST Past Tense ............................................................................................................... 115 PRES Present Tense ......................................................................................................... 115 PRIV privative -wurruny, -wurrul, -wurrum 'being not .. .' ......... 30 00 ............................... PURP -keny, -purru 'for' with substantives ............................. 32 oo .................................... -kirrim with coverbs ... 140 00 ....................................................................................... RIO Reflexive/Reciprocal verb 10 'to do to, to touch one self/each other' .......... 105 Rll Reflexive/Reciprocal verb 11 'to put on one self, to put on/ to each other, to say to each other' ................................................................................................... 107 R14 Reflexive/Reciprocal verb 14 'to poke each other, to spear each other' ....... 108 R15 Reflexive/Reciprocal verb 15 'to cut one self/each other' ............................. 109 R16 Reflexive/Reciprocal verb 16 'to burn, to cut one self/each other' .............. 111 R20 Reflexive/Reciprocal verb 20 'to quarrel, to argue (using speech)' ............. 112 RED Reduplication in nouns ......................................................................................... 49 Reduplication of coverbs .................................................................................... 132 REL relative possessive-kany, -kal, -kam 'his, her, their relation' ............................ 34 s singular S subject ...................................................................................................................... 83 SEQ Sequential Suffix to Coverbs -a, -aa, -wa ............................................................ 132 SEQC Suffix to Coverbs with both sequential and continuous implication -ji .......... . ........................................................................................................................ 134 SIM -J. any, -J.a l,-'Ja m ,S.I mI'1 ar t 0, l1' ke ' ............................................................................. . 33 STAT stative suffix used in formation of verbless statements -n ..............................7 4 SUB Subordinate Clause Marker -ngarri / -karri.. ..................................................... 127 TI0 Transitive verb 10 'to get, to gather, to bring something towards the actor' ..... 91 TIl Transitive verb 11 'to put, to move something away from the actor' .............. 92 T12 Transitive verb 12 'to bring, to take, to carry' ..................................................... 93 T13 Transitive verb 13 'to hit' ........................................................................................ 93 T14 Transitive verb 14 'to spear, to poke, to pierce' .................................................. 94 TIS Transitive verb 15 'to kill with a stick, to wound, to stab' ................................ 95 T16 Transitive verb 16 'to burn, to bite, to cut' ........................................................... 95 T17 Transitive verb 17 'to eat, to drink' ....................................................................... 96 T18 Transitive verb 18 'to have, to hold, to keep, to look after' ............................... 96 T19 Transitive verb 19 'to leave someone/ something behind' ............................... 97 T20 Transitive verb 20 'to scold someone, to tell someone off, to 'growl' someone' 97 T21 Transitive verb 21 'to wait for someone' .............................................................. 97 T22 Transitive verb 22 'to kick' ..................................................................................... 98 T23 Transitive verb 23 'to go and get' .......................................................................... 98 T24 Transitive verb 24 'to follow and catch up with someone' ............................... 99 T25 Transitive verb 25 'to get someone and hit them' ............................................... 99 TOP topic marker -ji, -i, -pi, -ti ........................ 8 00 ................................................................. UNSUC unsuccessful attempted or desired action ......................................... 120-121 1 first person ............................................................................................ I, me, we, us 2 second person ...................................................................................................... you 3 third person ......................................................... he, him, she, her, they, them, it used to show boundaries between prefixes, suffixes and stems = used to show boundaries between words and clitic pronouns, postpositions or derivational postpositions used in noun formation Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 Orthography .......................................................................................................................... 2 Map of Kija Country and Surrounding Area .................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION TO KIJA Grammar ............................................................................... 4 Types of Words in Kija ......................................................................................................... 4 Words Used by Linguists to Talk About Language. ....................................................... .5 Prefixes and Suffixes ................................................................................................ 6 Gender ........................................................................................................................ 6 Topic and Focus ....................................................................................................... 9 Clitics and Postpositions ....................................................... 9 0< ••••••• 0< •••••••••••••••••••••••• Listening to Words in Kija ................................................................................................... 9 Listening to -ny and -n at the End of Words ...................................................... 11 NOUNS & ADJECTIVES. .................. 12 o< ............................................................................... Special Meanings of nawarra- 'big' and wanyake- 'little' ..................................... 14 Range of Meaning of Words .............................................................................................. 14 Relationship Terms ....... "' .................................................................................................... 15 Locative Suffix -n / -e ........................................................................................................... 16 Kija Place Names. .................................................................................................... 18 Postpositions Showing Place, Direction and Time. ........................................................ 19 -merrale 'in amongst all the ..... ' ............................ 19 00 ............................................... -yurrung 'towards, away to, into' and -kili 'towards, away to, back to' .......... 20 -piny 'from, behind, after' ....................................................................................... 23 Other Postpositions. ............................................................................................................ 26 -pirri 'with, by means of, using' ............................................................................ 26 -pa- 'with, accompanied by, having' .................................................................... 29 -wurruny, -wurrul, -wurrum 'being not .. .' ........................................................... 30 -pa-wurruny, pa-wurrul, pa-wurrum 'having none' ............................................. 31 -keny, -purru 'for' ................................................................................................... 32 -jany, -jal, -jam 'similar to, like' ................................................. " ........................... 33 -miyi 'too, also' ........................................................................................................ 34 -kany, -kal, -kam 'his, her, their relation' ............................................................... 34 -kurruny, -kurrul, -kurrum your relation, relations ............................................ 34 -kany used to mark the subject of verbs ............................................................. 35 -muwam 'only' ......................................................................................................... 36 -wurrarrem 'all kinds of' .......................................................................................... 36 -warriny 'two' .......................................................................................................... 37 -ngarrim 'all of them' .............................................................................................. 39 Nouns Formed From Other Nouns or Coverbs. .....................: ..~ , . ...... ;. ..... ~ ...... ~~y. ••••• j~. ..3 9 j . Nouns formed usm' g -nhawuny -nhawul -nhawum ;7':t.~ ;;"'},h.,'./ r;e:fblltAC(Ift,;, 39 tit oes i\Touns formed using -ngeny, -ngel, ngem ' or -keny, -~z;-~k~;;:~:~~:;;[q:~~?~i::40 O idf' Nouns formed us.~ g -kI.r..~m y, -kl'.!"..rll , -~I". rrlm .:~7:: ··(·.)·. ···t···:7:··~· ..r.. ··D::· ··~:~r: ....u .~ .. ,J.41 ~ Nouns formed usmg -kaJmy, -kapl, -kapm, -waJlrhY, -waJzl, -wapm~(J ..... 9.? ... .41 A'Po rr ¥ .... Nouns formed using -kaleny, -kalel, -kalem .... .g-.l0l;? :l"5. .. 0..T.: ................... 42 f Nouns formed using -wurruny, -wurrul, -wurrums, 1. """' pawurruny, -pawurrul, -pawurrum ............................ ...~. : n. .i.....J ".'.J.O.. ...d..:..t.r.l./..j.0..1.. .. 43 ~ ~ N ouns f ormed usm· g -ngarnany, -ngarna 1, -ngarnam .... vv .. . f".t:J.: .... .. ..'../.r..".' ............ .4 4 !.*.': "- .. Nouns formed using-wangkuny,-wangkul,-wangkum,-warlungkam45 "~f bt)'!/'/) Nouns formed using -miliny, -milil, -milim ..... tJ?.:"!;.t::. .. t;.;. /. Y.;J .... :-r.'::l ......... .46 . . .. '- ,. Nouns formed usmg -kmy, -kll, -kIm ......~....~...' ':":'f.V ....t. ~ ........? t.. ?!. .g .. ~.~.: ......... .46 Int ensl'f l' er -I.y a-, -J..l ya-........................................................................'-......7.. ............... .4 8 Reduplication. ...................................................................................................................... 49 Modem Uses of words ....................................................................................................... 49 Locative and Temporal Specifiers. .................................................................................... 50 Postpositions Used to Form Locative and Temporal Specifiers. ................................. 51 -wirri, -wirrin 'during the time of, at the place of' .............................................. .51 -julan 'when, in the time of' ................................................................................... 53 -minyin 'in the time of' ........................................................................................... 53 PRONOUNS ........................................................................................................................ 54 Use of Cardinal Pronouns ..................................................................................... 56 Demonstrative Pronouns ....................................................................................... 58 Possessive Pronouns. .............................................................................................. 59 Pronominal Clitics ............................................................................................................... 60 Indirect Object Pronoun Clitics ......................................................................................... 60 Uses of Indirect Object Pronoun Clitics following Verbs ................................. 61 Use of Indirect Object Pronoun Clitics to show Inalienable Possession ......... 65 Use of Indirect Object Pronoun Clitics to Refer to Names. ............................... 67 Special Idiomatic Uses of Indirect Object Pronoun Clitics ............................... 67 Benefactive Pronominal Clitics ......................................................................................... 69 Use of Benefactive Pronoun Clitics Meaning-'for the benefit of' ..................... 70 Use of Benefactive Pronoun Clitics Meaning-'for the purpose' ....................... 71 Use of Benefactive Pronoun Clitics Meaning- 'concerning' or 'about.' ........... 71 Possession of Country Expressed by Use of Benefactive Clitic Pronouns ..... 72 Use of Benefactive Clitics in Formation of Verbless Statements. ...................... 74 Verbless Statements with Benefactive Clitics & Nominal Postpositions ........ 75 Use of Benefactive Clitics in Negative Statements. ............................................ 77 Use of Benefactive Pronoun Clitics with Questions .......................................... 78 Ablative Pronominal Clitics ....................................................................... .-....................... 79 VERBS .......................................................................................................................... 82 Types of Simple Verb .......................................................................................................... 83 Intransitive simple verbs .................................................................................................... 84 Intransitive Pronoun Prefixes ............................................................................... 85 Pronoun Suffixes to Verbs .................................................................................... 86 Kija Intransitive Verb Stem /Tense Clusters ...................................................... 86 Compound Verbs Formed Using Intransitive Simple Verbs ........................... 87 Compounds Using IT1 'to sit, to stay, to be stationary'. .................................... 87 Compounds Using IT2 'to go, to come, to be in motion' ................................... 87 Compounds Using IT3 'to fall, to go down, to arrive' ....................................... 88 Compounds Using IT4 'to say, to do' ................................................................... 89 Transitive Verbs. .................................................................................................................. 90 TIO. 'to get, to gather, to bring something towards the actor' .......................... 91 T11. 'to put, to move something away from the actor' ...................................... 92 T12. 'to bring, to take, to carry' .............................................................................. 93 T13. 'to hit' ................................................................................................................ 93 T14. 'to spear, to poke, to pierce' ........................................................................... 94 TIS. 'to kill with a stick, to wound, to stab' .......................................................... 95 T16. 'to burn, to bite, to cut' ................................................................................... 95 T17. 'to eat, to drink' ............................................................................................... 96 T18. 'to have, to hold, to keep, to look after' ...................................................... 96 T19. 'to leave someone/ something behind' ....................................................... 97 T20. 'to scold someone, to tell someone off, to 'growl' someone' ..................... 97 T21. 'to wait for someone' ...................................................................................... 97 T22. 'to kick' ............................................................................................................. 98 T23. 'to go and get' .................................................................................................. 98 T24. 'to follow and catch up with someone' ......................................................... 99 T25. 'to get someone and hit them' ....................................................................... 99 Prefixes and Suffixes to Transitive Verbs ........................................................................ 99 Irregular Use of Suffixes and Clitics in Transitive Verbs First and Second Person Objects ........................................................................ 100 Third Person Subject -Second Person Object.. ................................................. l00 First Person Subject -Second Person Object ..................................................... l0l Second Person Subject -First Person Object ..................................................... 102 Third Person Subject -First Person Object.. ....................................................... l03 Reflexive / Reciprocal Verbs ........................................................................................... 104 RIO. 'to do to, to touch one self/each other' ....................................................... 105 R11. 'to put on one self, to put on/ to each other, to say to each other' ........ 107 R14. 'to poke each other, to spear each other' .................................................... 108 R15. 'to cut one self/each other' .......................................................................... 109 R16. 'to burn, to cut one self/each other' ........................................................... 111 R20. 'to quarrel, to argue (using speech)' .......................................................... 112 Reflexive/reciprocals - Extra Notes .............................................................................. 112 Middle Verbs ...................................................................................................................... 113 Dual number ...................................................................................................................... 114 Plural Number -kili. .................................................. oo·: ...................................................... 115 Tense ..................................................................... :. ................................................. 115 Shortened Forms of the Past Tense of TI0 and Tll ......................................... llS Continuous Action Marker -nte ..................................................................................... 116 Mood .......................................................................................................................... 117 Imperative ....................................................................................: ...... :. ................. 117 Transitive Imperative Verbs ................................................................................ 117 Direction Included in Imperative Forms of 'go' and 'carry' ............................ 1l8 Imperative tlSing -kala .......................................................................................... 119 Future Subjunctive ................................................................................................ 120 Unsucessful attempted action ............................................................................. 120 Negative Sentences ........................................................................................................... 121 Nguwan without the negative meaning ............................................................. 122 Nguwangarnan ........................................................................................................ 123 Negative Imperative ............................................................................................. 125 -wayl' /- ayl' ,.I n thoI S way , ..................................................................................................... .1 26 Subordinate Clause Marker -ngarri / -karri ................................................................... 127 -nyaliny /-jaliny 'again, another, also' ............................................................................. 129 Coverb + Main Verb Combinations ............................................................................... 131 Reduplication of Coverbs .................................................................................... 132 Plural Coverb Forms ............................................................................................ 132 Coverb Suffixes ...................... ~.. .. ..................................................................................... 132 Suffix to Coverbs -aa ... ::0!. .!€ : ................................................................................1 32 Suffix to Coverbs -pu -wu ................................................................................... 134 Suffix to Coverbs -ji ............................................................................................. 134 -merrarriny - 'all of them together' .. 136 00 .................................................................. -kayan 'continuously, for a long time, always' ................................................. 137 Coverbs Formed from Nouns or Adjectives ..................................................... 138 Causative Suffix-k ............................................................................................... 139 Causative Suffix-ke ............................................................................................... 140 Purposive Postposition to Coverbs -kirrim ........................................................ 140 ASKING QUESTIONS IN' KIJA ...................................................................................... 141 Question Words -Interrogatives .................................................................................... 141 Question Words Which Expect a Noun as the Answer. .............................................. 141 Yangirni, Yangela, Yangurra -Who? .................................................................... 141 Thiniwa, Thengela, Thuwurra -What is this? What is this called? .................. 142 Kapejarranya, Kapejarral, Kapejarram -What Kind? ......................................... 145 Asking 'Where?' .................................................................................................... 147 Kayi? Where? At Which Place? .......................................................................... 147 Kabiyi, Kapinga -Where To? ................................................................................. 149 Asking 'Where?' About People ........................................................................... 150 Karniwa/Karna, Kangela, Kawurra -Where (people or things)? ....................... 150 Kayimiliny, Kayimilil, Kayimilim -Where From? ............................................... 152 Kayingarnany, Kayingarnal, Kayingarnam -Where From (Country)? .............. 153 Kapu/ Kapuwa -What? ......................................................................................... 154 Kayikana, Kapukana-When? ................................................................................. 157 Kapungerrek- How Many? ................................................................................... 158 Thuwurra-purru -What For? Why? .................................................................... 159 Thuwurra? Thuwurrawu? -Why? What's Wrong? ............................................ 160 Indefinites Formed From Question Words Using -nganyji / -wanyji ............. 160 Karninya -What Now? ......................................................................................... 162 Interrogative Suffix -ma / -pa ............................................................................... 163 Adverbs 165 TABLES TABLE 1 Cardinal Pronouns. ........................................................................................ 55 TABLE 2 Demonstrative Pronouns .............................................................................. 58 TABLE 3 Possessive Pronouns. ..................................................................................... 59 TABLE 4 Indirect Object Pronoun Clitics .................................................................... 61 TABLE 5 Benefactive Pronoun Clitics ......................................................................... 69 TABLE 6 Ablative Pronoun Clitics ............................................................................... 79 TABLE 7 Intransitive Verb Stem /Tense Clusters ..................................................... 86 TABLE 8A Intransitive Verb 1 (ITl) 'To sit, be stationary' ......................................... 166 TABLE 8B Intransitive Verb 2 (IT2) 'To go, to come, to be in motion' .................... 168 TABLE 8C Intransitive Verb 3 (IT3) 'To go down, to fall, to arrive' ......................... 170 TABLE 8D Intransitive Verb 4 (IT4) 'To say, to do' ..................................................... l71 TABLE 9 Reflexive/Reciprocal Verb (R4) 'to say / do to self / each other' ......... 173 TABLE 10 Middle Verb 10 (MI0) 'to say, to do' ......................................................... 174 TABLE 11 Transitive and Reflexive Reciprocal Verb Stems. .................................... 175 TABLE 12 Relations ........................................................................................................ 176 TABLE 13 Kija Skin Names ........................................................................................... 177 tTHOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION like the u in fun~ bun or mud Kija is a language spoken by people who lived traditionally in country extendi n like the a in father only a bit longer from just south of Halls Creek up to Doon-Doon or further in the north. Th: as the er in butter includes most of the Bungle-Bungle National Park (Purnululu) in the east an Landsdowne and Tableland stations in the west. The Bow River, the upper reach as in bit~ or sometimes a bit longer like the of the Ord River, the Panton and Little Panton Rivers and the O'Donnell River flo C j through Kija country. similar to the ee in seen similar to j in jam, both j and dg in judg Today the majority of Kija people live either at Warrmarn (Warmun - Turki Illi Creek) or Yarliyil (Halls Creek) or on surrounding stations and outstations includil similar to k in kick, or g in giggle Parluwa (Baluwah -Violet Valley), Kurra-kurran (Bow River), Yulunpurr (Tablelanl Rukuny (Crocodile Hole), Wurreranginy (Frog Hollow) Kawarre (in the Bung: similar to the English J of long Bungle National Park) Iminji (on the Gibb River Road) and Yarungka (Chinamal Garden). similar to the Hi of million same as in English ego man or money There are two dialects of the Kija language used today. Some people refer to 1 Kija spoken around Turkey Creek as Kuluwarrang, and others refer to the 1< similar to English as in noon spoken in and around Halls Creek as Lungka. There is lots of inconsistency in . use of the names Kuluwarrang and Lungka. Sometimes the dialect which v similar to ng in sing or ringer; not like the spoken in the area of Doon Doon on the Dunham River is referred to as Kuluwarr, no equivalent in English (Put the blade of tt or. or Jarrak. This introduction is based mainly on Kija recorded in Halls Creek. I h tried to include alternate forms from Turkey Creek where I knew them but th may well be lots of other differences in pronunciation and vocabulary which m similar to of onion and the ny of Sonya not mentioned. as the u in put or occasionally as the 00 in p Jarrak is a Kija word meaning 'to speak'. Jarragan is the name given by linguist similar to p or b in pip, beep or bib the related family of languages which includes Kija as well as Miriwoong Gajirrabeng spoken to the north of Kija. this letter sounds like English r in run or th u Kija people in Halls Creek who have helped with the project include: no equivalent in English; similar to tor d bl Doris Fletcher Daisy Chatanalgie Tiger Henry no equivalent in English; similar to 1 but wi -hi Pilot Henry Ben Duncan Lulu Trancolino Mavis Wallaby Rosie Malgil Phyllis Wallaby no equivalent in English; similar to n but wit le Shirley Bray Josie Farrer Theresa Polkinghorne sounds like the rolled r sound of Scottish En' I must also say thank to the many people who first taught me Kija at Turkey Cr I and Frog Hollow. Some of the people who taught me there include: similar to t or d in dot, or d in ladder no. equivalent English sound; it often sounds Hector Ja nd any Rusty Peters Queenie McKenzie thmg. (Put the blade of your tongue at the ba: Winnie Budbarriya Jack Britten Henry Wambiny Eileen Bray Dottie 1Natpi Polly Widalji Judy Turn~ usually pronounced as the VII of west, sometj Polly Turner Paddy Springvale vowel u (e.g. wumperrama 'they did, they sa Paddy Williams (dec.) Bob Nyalkas (dec.) George Dingmayirri (de George Mung-Mung (dec.) usually pronounced as the y of yes; sometime owel ! (e.g. yijiya 'true' is often heard as if it starte fAt Frances Kofod ltroductlon to Kija Grammar - Page 2 introduction to Kija Grammar - Pe