MANAGING AND ENGINEERING COMPLEX TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS MANAGING AND ENGINEERING COMPLEX TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AVIGDORZONNENSHAINANDSHUKISTAUBER TheGordonCenterforSystemsEngineering,Technion,Haifa,Israel Copyright©2015byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformor byanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptas permittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteithertheprior writtenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeeto theCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,(978)750-8400,fax (978)750-4470,oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshould beaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ 07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008,oronlineathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsin preparingthisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyor completenessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesof merchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysales representativesorwrittensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitable foryoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaprofessionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthepublishernor authorshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedto special,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages. Forgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicesorfortechnicalsupport,pleasecontactour CustomerCareDepartmentwithintheUnitedStatesat(800)762-2974,outsidetheUnitedStatesat (317)572-3993orfax(317)572-4002. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmay notbeavailableinelectronicformats.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visitourwebsiteat www.wiley.com. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData: Zonnenshain,Avigdor. Managingandengineeringcomplextechnologicalsystems/AvigdorZonnenshain,ShukiStauber. pagescm Includesindex. Summary:“Thisbookisbasedonaqualitativestudythatincludesdozensofin-depthinterviewswith expertsinthesystemsengineeringfield”–Providedbypublisher. ISBN978-1-119-06859-4(hardback) 1.Systemsengineering.2.Industrialmanagement.I.Stauber,Shuki.II.Title. TA168.Z662015 620.0068–dc23 2015000703 Typesetin10/12ptTimesLTStdbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India CoverdesignbyZviFedelman. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10987654321 1 2015 Tomybelovedwife,Michaela,forherlove,friendship, andcontinuoussupport Avigdor ToYaronandSharona,mylovelyoffspring Thinkbeforeact,donotspareplanning Shuki CONTENTS WordsfromIncosePresident xi WordsfromtheHeadoftheBernardM.Gordon CenterforSystemsEngineering,Technion xiii WordsfromthePresidentoftheIsraeliAssociation forSystemsEngineeringINCOSE IL xv − WordsfromtheWriters xvii Preface xxi ListofInterviewees(AlphabeticalOrder) xxv PARTI SYSTEMSENGINEERING – AGENERALOVERVIEW 1 1.1 TheOrigins,History,andUniquenessofSystemsEngineering 3 1.1.1 OnTheEssenceofSystemsEngineering, 5 1.1.2 TheDifferentTypesofSystemsEngineering, 6 1.2 AMultidisciplinary,SystemicView 8 1.2.1 TheBoundariesofaSystem, 9 1.2.2 SystemsofSystems, 10 1.2.3 ManagingtheHumanFactor, 11 1.2.4 TraitsDerivedFromanInterdisciplinary,SystemicView, 11 viii CONTENTS 1.3 TheSystemsEngineerasManagerandLeader 14 1.3.1 SystemsEngineeringandTechnologicalProject Management, 17 1.4 TheEvolutionofaSystemsEngineer 19 1.4.1 TheMainPathsofDevelopmentofSystemsEngineers, 20 1.4.2 TheEvolutionofSoftwareEngineersIntoSystems Engineers, 22 1.4.3 TheTrainingofSystemsEngineers, 23 1.5 SystemsEngineeringinVariousOrganizations 25 1.5.1 WhoisaSystemsEngineer? – AQuestionofTerminology, 27 1.6 TheFutureofSystemsEngineering 29 PARTII AWORLDOFCOMPLEXPROJECTS – THENAND NOW 33 2.1 TheIAILaviProject – TheDreamandDownfall 35 2.1.1 TheFeasibilityStudy, 36 2.1.2 TheProject, 39 2.1.3 TheEndoftheProjectandFurtherInsights, 49 2.2 TheIronDomeProject – DevelopmentUnderFire 52 2.2.1 BackgroundandPreparations, 53 2.2.2 TheManagementoftheProject, 59 PARTIII THEINTERVIEWS 69 3.1 DevelopmentsinaComplex,TechnologicalWorld – TheAviation andSpaceIndustries 71 3.1.1 “Structured,MultidisciplinaryMethodsofResolvingLateral Problems”, 71 3.1.2 “PlanningSystemsthatFittheNeedsofBothClients andUsers”, 79 3.1.3 “SeeingBeyondTechnology – UnderstandingtheMission”, 86 3.1.4 “SimplificationCapabilitiesinaComplexEnvironment”, 94 3.1.5 “ComplexMega-SystemsThatCannotbeSupervised”, 103