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BeH & Howell Information and Leaming 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 USA METAPHYSICS AS AN ARISTOTELIAN SCIENCE Ian Hamilton Bell A thesis subrnitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Department of Philosophy, University of Toronto O Copyright by Ian Hamilton Bell 1998 1+1 National Library Bibliothèque nationale .,nada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington OttawaON K1AON4 OttawaON K1AONS Canada Canada Your hie Volte rc!=?snce Our iVe Noire reUrence The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fom it Ni la thése ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Metquhysics as an Aristotelian Science. Ooctor of Philosophy, 1998. Ian Hamilton Bell, Depart ment of Philosoph y, Uiiiversity of Toronto. The dissertation's primary task is to discem to what extent the investigations contained in Aristotle's Metaphysics conform to the model of science (kniaripq) developed in the Posterior Analylics. It concludes that the Metaphysics substantially follows the model of the Analyrics in studying the causes and attnbutes of a specific nature, although it makes significant departures especially in its conception of the principles of being and substance. Two introductory chapters discuss respectively Aristotle's conception of science in the Attalyiics and the problems one is likely to face in attempting to apply this conception to the Metaphysics. Chapter 3 clarifies the meaning of the phrase "science of being qua being" by reference to the Posterior Analytics, and introduces the concept of npo%~v equivocity. Chapter 4 considers the role of dialectic in metaphysics with particular reference to the pnnciple of noncontradiction. Chapter 5 argues that the second part of Meta. 4.2 introduces a demonstrative science of the per se attributes of being and unity. Chapter 6 introduces the investigation into the principles and causes of being (Meta. 6.1)a nd reviews the aporias about the principles (Mela. 3.3-6). Chapter 7 offers a hypothesis to explain Aristotle's identification of the science of being with first philosophy. The last two chapters (8 and 9) argue that Aristotle is pursuing this investigation in the central books of Metaphysics, but his pursuit of the investigation there is incomplete. This lnterpretation provides an alternative to those of T. H. Irwin and Walter Lesd, who argue that metaphysics is a second-order discipline and not a science afier the mode1 of the Analylics. It finds explicit support in recent wû:k by Robert Bolton and Alan Code, while widening the range of issues to include the attributes of being and the importance of first philosophy for understanding the nature of being. It supports many of the conclusions of Joseph Owens's, Urbain Dhondt's, and Frede and Patzig's work on the object of metaphysics. There are also substantial discussions of the contributions of G. E. L. Owen, J. G. Stevenson, Theodore Scaltsas, and John Thorp. Acknowledgments 1 should like to thank first of al1 my supervisor, Lloyd Gerson, and my advisor, Stephen Dumont. 1 am most grateful to my external reader Michael Ferejohn, and to Brad Inwood, Thomas Robinson, and James Momson for their comments, suggestions, and corrections. The starting point for this dissertation was a master's thesis on APo. 2.1- 10 written at the Cat holic University of Arnerica under the supe~sionof Kurt fr itzl, O .P. and Jean de Groot. 1 am indebted to Errol Katayama, Inna Kupreeva, Ze'ev Perelmuter, and especially Stephen Walker for much useful discussion, and to my parents for their support. The dissertation was researched and written while 1 was the recipient of a Social Sciences and Humanities Doctoral Fellowship. Table of Contents Introduction Chapter 1 : Wisdom and Science Chapter 2: Methodological Preliminaries Chapter 3: Being qua Being and the Nature of Being Chapter 4: Dialectic and the Common Axioms Chapter 5: The Attributes of Being Chapter 6: The Pnnciples of Being qua Being Chapter 7: The Science of Being and First Philosophy Chapter 8: The Central Books Chapter 9: Separate Form as a Principle of Being Conclusion Bibliograp hy Major Discussions of Ariçtobiian Texts Major discussions of Aristotelian texts are listed by chapter and section. If a section is not listed, it is because no specific text is the primary focus of that section. Chapter 1: 1: NE 6.1-7, Meta. 1.1-2 III: APo. 1.1-2, 1.7.,1 .10, 2.8 IV: APo. 1.4, 1.6, 1.11, 1.24 V: APo. 1.7, 1.9, 1.27, 1.32 VI: APo. 2.1-2. Chapter 2: 1: Meta. 1 . N O II: Meta. 3.2 III: Meta. 3.3.998b17-27 Chapter 3: 1: APo. 1.4, Meta. 4.1, 6.1, 13.3 III: Meta. 4.2.1003a33-blg IV: Meta. 4.2.1O O3bl6-1 9, 1004a2-9,4.3.1005a32-b21,0 .2.1053b22-4,6.1.1026a23-32, 12.6-7 Chapter 4: 1: TOP. 1.1-2, 1.14 II: NE 7.1.1145b2-7 III: EE 1.6.1216b26-39 IV:M eta. 3.1 vii V-VIII:M eta. 4.3-8 Chapter 5: 1-111: Meta. 4.2.1003b19-1005a18 IV:M eta. 10.2-8 Chapter 6: 1: Meta. 6.1.1025b3-18 II: APo. 2.1-2 HI-IX:M eta. 3.3-6 Chapter 7: 1: Phys. 1.9.192a34-b22,. 2.194alS b15 , 2.7.198a28-b4 II-IV:M eta. 6.1.1O 2Sb 1 8-1 O26a32 V: EE 8.2.1236a16-29M, eta. 4.2.1005a2-116,. 1.1026a23-32 Chapter 8: 1: Meta. 7.6 II: Mefa. 7.10-11 III: Phys. 2.2.193b22-19 4a 12, DA 403a3-b1 9, Mera. 6.1.1025b28-O12 6a6, 7.11 .1 OZ6b2 1 - 32, Meta. 7.12-13,8 .2-3. IV: Meta. 7.1, 7.3 V-VI:M eta. 7.17,8 .6.1045a36-b7 VU:M eta. 8.3.lO43aXl-b4,1 043 b 10-1 3 VIE DA 2.1,2 .4.415b8-15M, eta. 8.1-3. Chapter 9: 1: Meta. 12 III: GC 2.10.336b25-337a1,D A 2.4.41S aZ-b7,G A 2.1.731 b24-732a1,M eta. 12.5.1071a27-9,1 3.3.1087a7-18