METHODIUS OF OLYMPUS DiviSnoev ereiHgunmtaynF, r eedom, andL ifienC hrist L. CP.a tterson ThCea thUonliivce rosfAi mteyrP irceas s WashinDg.tCo.n , Copyr©i 1g9h9t7 TO THE MEMORY OF BROOKS OTIS ThCea thUonliivce orfAsm ietryPi rceas s Alrli grhetsse rved ChrisStcihaonMl,ea nrt,o r Prinitnteh Uden eidtS taotAfem se rica Thpea puesrei dnt h piusb limceaetttihsmoe ni nimum requiroefAm meenrtiNsca atni Sotnaanldf aorrd s InformSacetinicoen- PermoafPn aepfneocPrrer inted Librmaartye rANiSaIz l3s49,8. - 1984. "Ienv egreyn er[aWtiisodneo,nm ti]en rhtsoo ls you ls, 00 anmda ktehse fmir enodfGs o da npdr op.h"e ts LIBRARY OF CONGRES S CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Sapien2t7i a PatstoeLnr.,G .( LlGoeyodr 1ge9)2,'r VII. MethodOiluysm p:odu fis v sionvee rehiugmnatny , feredoamn,lde i i fCnh r/iL sG.t. P atstoenr. p.cm. Inclbuidbelsi ogrreeafrpehnaicnceidasn l d ex. 1.Me thoodOfil uysm,p Suasid,n .3t 1,1 . I.Ti tle. BR172307.19M975 P 27'°1.°'9 2-dc20 [B] 96-29371 ISBN0 8-123-08(7c5l-:oa0 tl phka.p er) CONTETNS Preface xi Inrtoduction 1 Methiouadsn Odr ig/e4 n MehtodiTuhse'o loSgyinctah/le 7 s is MehtodainuTdsh ird-CAesncitecutir/sy9 m MetohdiausasW ritoefD ri alo/g 1ue1s MehtodiausTsh e olo/g 1i3a n ThAeu thooftr hW er itings 1. ThEev idefornmcT er adi/t 1i6o n "MetihuoosdfO l ymp/u 1s"7 "BisahnoMdpa rtyr/" 1 8 TheS urvoiftvh aWelr iti/n 2g1s TheS laMveitch od/ i2u4s The RemGnraeMenektt hodiu2s5 ThEev ideonftc hWeer itin2g6s Des angui/s 2u6g a Dec ib/i 2s7 Dec iboints h Ree surroeBfc odtiie/os 2n 8 Dec ibainsd Ctrhiet iocfOi rsimg/ e 3n0 Del ibaerrboi /t 3r1i o ConclusAinotni cain/pd 3a 3ti on DeL ibaebrriot Druiaol:ai nstdmh e 2. ProbolfEe vmi l 35 ThTei t/l 3e8 TheS trucotftu hDreie a lo/g 3u9e ThPer efaEtxohroyr t/a 4t0i on TheO penainnIdgn iEtxicahla n/ 4ge1s AgaiTnwsoUt n created/ R44e alities vii Vlll Contents Contents IX EvaisQl u ayl iSoturb st/a 4n8c e 4· Origientn hS ey mposium 123 ThIe netrvenotfti hSoeen c oPnrdo tnaigs/o t48 EvaislQ uaa yl iMotaft t/e 4r9 TheS tuodfty h Sec rip/t 1u2re5s EvaisGl e noursS pec/i 4e9s "ShadIomwa,ga enR,de al/i t1y72" TheI niAtrigaulm ienRn ettsr o/s 4p9e ct AristPoltalteo,, Staon/ad 5 1t he TheL iteSreanilsnt e h Sey mposi/u 1m92 TheOr thoSdpoexao knte hrFe r eWei l/l 5 2 Th"e Begetatn"idBn egc"o Hmuimnagn " of TheS ourocfte hsOer thoVdioex/w 5 5 thWeo rd/ 131 ThCeo ncluosftihWoeon r Tkh:eP urpose TheF aalnlRd e stoorfaS toiu/oln 1s6 3 oCfr eat/i 5o7n Two SpPeociin/fit 1cs7 3 OrigaenGndn ostiinct ihDseem l i baerrbo it/r 6i0o "Itnh Iem ag/e 1"3 8 "ThTea bearcnl/e 1"93 3. ThSey mposCihuatmsia:tn ytd h e Origientn hS ey mposi/u 1m4 0 PlaonfS alvation 64 De srruerteicoannetd h Ien iCtriiatli cism 5· PrelimMiantta/er 6ry7s ofO rigen 141 TheS trucotftu hSreye m posainuIdmtP su rp/o 6s7e TheH istoSreitctoaiftln hD gei scou/ r7s0e s ThCeo mposoiftt hiAgeol ano ph/on 1 41 ThTeh eoloSgoiucroacftle h Ssey mposi/u 7m1 ThCer itiocfOir simga esaLn a tCeorn sider1a4t3i on TheD iviEnceo noDmiys:c oIu-rIs/Ie7 Is2 ThTer emaetnotfO rig/e 1n4 5 DiscoIu/ r 7s2e TheO penoifn gDt ihael o/g 1u4e8 DiscoIuI/r 7s4e The IDniistcioau/l r1 s05e s DiscoIuI/rI s7 e6 TheI ntrodouftc htEeix ocnef rorpmOt r igoenn Adaamn Cdh ri/s 7t7 Psa1l:m/ 5 1 51 Chrainstdth Ceh ur/c 7h9 The VoifAe gwlsa op/h 1o5n3 TheA sceLtiifDcei :s coIuVrV-sIeI/sI8 1 The VoifPe rwosc /l 1u5 s4 DiscoIuVr/ s8e2 TheR espoonfEs ueb ol/i 1u65s DiscoVu /r 8s5e EuboolniSu isDn e,a tahnR,de surr/e 1ct5i7o n DiscoVuIr/ s8e8 Euboolnitu h"seC ooatfSsk in/s 1"85 DiscoVuIrI/s 9e2 DeaatsAhn tid/o 1t95e DiscoVuIrI/sI 9e 5 The TLharwe/se 1 60 ChrainsBdta pti/ s1m0 0 EubolDiiussc'oa unrtdsh Peeu rpoofs e FatDee,t ermiannAidss tmr,o /l 1o0g2y thDei alo/g 1u6e0 DiscoVuIrIisnIRe e tro/s p1e0c4t ThRee spoonfMs eem iaanntd h Eex cerpt TheFi nDails coaunrCdso ensc lu/s 1i0o5n formO rig/e 1n6 2 DiscoIuXTr:hs eCe o nsummoaAftl iTloh ni n/g 1s0 5 ThTer ansBiotdo/yr 1 y6 2 The NCerwe at/i 1o0n7 ThTe aberonfatclhee /B 1o6d3y TheD aoyfR esurr/e 1ct0i<)o n Memian1C oorni nt1h50i: a/5 n1s6 4 TheF inCaoln summa/ t1i1o0n ThFee aosfTt a brenacRleevsi s/i 1t6e6d MethuosSd'oiur/c 1es1 2 ThIen teorfTv iaml/es 1 68 DiscoXua rnstdeh C eo ncloufst ihSeoy nm posi/u 1m1 3 ThCer itiocfOi rsimg/ e 1n07 DiscoXua rnsJdeo thFaamb'/ls e1 4 1 The" BodFiolryma "nt dh Sep irBiotdu/ya 1 l7 1 TheS peeocfh Ar/ e1t1e6 Th"eG nasohfTi enegta hn"td h "eD rByo ne/s 1"57 TheH ymonTf h ec/l 1a81 "SoawP nh ysRiaciaslSe,pd i raBi otduy/a" 1l 77 TheSy mposainuMmde tohdiTuhse'o l/o 1g02y ThSep herBiocdoayftl h Ree surr/e 1ct7i8o n Lazaarnutdsh R ei cMha nT:h eC orpoSroeu/al l1 79 x Contents DisemibmoeadnntSd i n,C oanncdl us1i8o1n MethodOiruisga,en ntd,h O ep ponienn ts thAgel aoph/on 1 48 MethoadniGdur se goofNr yys sa PREFACE onE mbodim/e 1n68 t "Ont hMea kionfHg u matnyi/" 1 78 TheF ormaotfti hoIenm aogfGe o d/ 188 TheI nteorvTfai lms/e 1 89 ThRee surroeftch tBeio odnSi tlryu c/t 1u'}Or e "Onth Seo ualnR de suirorne/c" 1t 91 TheR elaotftih oSeno utlhB,eo dayn,d Thibso ohka s bteoae lnt,se ormo eft hlea wsotr odfsK ing thPea ssi/ o1n9s1 CharIlI"e,als o ntigm aew rnig"t.I ihta bse esno mewihnteh rbeea ck AD ebawtietM he thod/ i1u9s2 TheR esurrBeocdt/yi 1 o9n4 ofm ym insdi nIcfi en isahd eodc tdoirsasle orntM aettihoonad ti us GregaonrMdye thodiinRu est ros/ p1e9c5t ColumUbniivae rmsaintyy aygeoaaw, ro sr wkh ose aonfta hley sis ThAgel aophionMn e thoWdriiutsi'/n 1g9s7 chronoolfM oegtyh odius' iwtbrsei atrioinntng hgsde e avnedl op­ ThAgel aophaonntd h Xee no/ 198 menotfh itsh ouIgw hotu sltddi eleflnd t,h oumguhce hl ssaei d in iitbs a dilnty h nee eodft hree viisrtie ocneh ievreMese. a nwhile, 6.D ec reaantdi s thCer iLtaiotcfOe irrsi mg2e 0n0 sucarh e vihsaibdoe nea nn taitcieidnapv aroifae rttyi ocnl eMse tho­ PhotRieupso/'r 2t0 1 diuhsi ms,oe nlO frigoenen a,r Alryi anitshmCe,a popna docians, TheS coopfteh Dei alo/g 2u0e3 anodn s ubcjtrese lattote htdeh eoldoegvieclaolop fmt ehtneht isr d "Chur/c 2h0"3 anfduo rtche ntuirnwi heitsch hea ylp ll asyeidg nirfioclaenst. Orig"eRne'sse Trevaecdh i/ n2g0"4 Asn owc ompleistfue cdah,w orcka env ebres atiodb ec om­ The" DaoyfCs r eat/i 2o0n6" pletideted a,ml osrn ea rrwoiwtMlhey t hohdiimus,s e lalfneds s with "Eternal /C 2r0e8a tion" thlea rgero fws hciehcnehwe a psa rtth,aw nao sr igiinnatlelnyd ed. MethoVdiieuowsfO ' r igientn hX ee no/ 212 To sbuer ieit,is m postsori ebaMldee t howdiituhsro eeufrte ntcoe MetdhiouTsre'a tmoeftn htWe o ridnt h Xee o-n-­ anAdr i/u 2s41 thowsheo hme r eaidnp, a rtiIcruelnaaCrel uesmo,efA n lte xandria, Methoodnit uhDsei viNnaet u/r 2e2 0 anOdr igbeunot,t haeswr esl Aln.di i tds i ffitcosu altyth ,le e atsot , Socuerasn Sdi ginciafonfMc eet hodViiuesw's 2 23 consMiedtehro wdiituhsro eeufrte tnoct eh ose wpheorhmse io nn­s fluenacnetddh otsree onftd hso utgowh hti hcehc ontriTbhuet ed. Conclusion 228 possiobfhi iflsroi ehtsayd owiisnsgu esb yAr raihiuassfse rq deu ently beenno tiacnehddi q;su istpee ciinfiflccu eeo nnG regoofNr yys sa, Appen1d:i xDT ehl eep arma ong simliynl oatriwciebldela, r guheedri enm ordee ttahiahlna b se en MethoWdriiutsi'n gs 235 donbeeo frTeh.e lsageer cro nsideirnadtedieoodun,bs te,lx epslsa in Appen2dT:ih xeH y monTf h ecalntadh Peu rpose inla rmgeea swuhrMyee thohdaicsuo sn titnobu eoe fsd u cihn terest oft hSey mposium as hhaes .t hBewuyitb l eld iscuhsesrmeeod r e boyfr ewtaryo spect Abbraetviions anadn ticitphaawtnoi uolnd bietd heceaa lsIletyM. e itsh ohdiimu­s Bibglriaophy sewlhfoi t sh e souftb hjweeo cratkn ,wd h o woualldl h aanftvoeetr IndoefNx a mes IndoefSx u ebcjts xi xii Praecfe Praecfe Xlll hatdh pel ahcehe a idn ttrheeon ftd hso uogfhh itts i mwee rient o t oft hUen iTohne oloSgeimcianNlae rwYy o,r Cki tayn,td h Ree v. frot hien trsiingsiniciacfon fhc iews o rk. ProBf.r ian ES.. ,oJD ft.ah lWeee ys,tS ocnh oooTflh eolCoagmy­, Int hciosn necitstih oonub,ler d e martkhetadhts e u bt"iDtil­e, bridMgaesh,sa .vb ee eoncf o ntihneuolivpne gry etahFrersD ..a ley, vinSeo vereHiugmnaFtnry e,e daonmLd,i if enC hr"is shto,unlodt inp artihcaubsle aetrnhf, eir enadnlpdye rsiqsuteesntatis wo enlelr , ber egaarsdie ndd icpaatritnitgch ueloalrto hgeimcaeasdsl i, s tinct asth mee ticruelaodwueisrt ,hw ohuottm h weo rikni,tp sr esfreomn,t formo thearrso,uw nhdiM ceht hotdhiouusmg'ah byte s ystematically wounlodht a vree acshueccdho mpletihitao sn. as organAiswz ees dh.as lelMe e,t hovdiieuwssn' o satur caehst os ub­ Amonogt hetromsoa, n tyob en amed, who ihnaav vae­ helped mittob eionrgg anuinzdheeedra dtihnagts immipgalsh yyt s tematic rieotfwy a yIss ,h ould mefncatuilmotenym bteahrnesgd r aduate approtaotc hhe oliogsisocufaea lls a tseorrI tn.d eietmda ,y be studecnotlsl,ei antg huBeeo ss tPoant rSiosctyii,wec ht oh avmeo re dobutetdh maatn eya rClhyr iswtriiatanerc reas p aobfbl eei anpg­ orl epsast iheenatmrledyo nM ethodainuodsffe ,r ecdo nstructive proacihnte hdi sB uwttah yep.sr ee occuipwfae tm iaoycn atslh,le m commse natanddv ice.t hAemssoehn,og u Il d menttihoen especially sucmha,y tbheo utgohh atv bee etnh uen derilsysiwunhegis c h RevP.r oRfo.b JeDr.at lSy.,fJ oh.ri c so mprehheenlwspii tmvhae t ­ Methodius indti hwseoc reokrfh n ipesrd e decdeesvseolriosnp, e d terresl attoOe rdi genM;i cDhJraO..e' lL ahulgiwnh,o se knowledge the coofhu irossw enw ritoinan v ga rioefst uyb jaencldte stft,ot he oft hlea ter OorfEi vgaegnPrioisnumts ai ncfduuo sr th-caesn­tury considoeftr haotwsiheoos n u bseqtuoeohnkiwt sol ryik n atcoc ount. cetihcaisssh mem du cihn edciltri gohnmt y s ubjaencDdtr ;A. n ­ Thowsheo l ofookar s ystematico ftp hreessee nttahteimoens will,n aweviadsne Hno ewkh,ok nomwusc ohfw haitts o b ek nowonf thusd,i sbaep pBouitni ttsieob td eh . o ptehdta hte psree occupations PhialnoCd l emeAnlt exoafn Tdhreairreaoe .t haeswr esl tlh,o ugh wislllo ewmleyr agsge o verMneitnhgo dtrieuast'om fte hnmeta ny nonieso ,fc ourrsees,p ofnrost ihwbeol reak si n to ws tands. partiscueubcljwtaisrtw hh ihcehd eailnot fh iwsr itings. Myw ief,J anaentod,u sro nDsa,v aindJd a mehsa,vt eo lerated Iitss c arpcoeslstyio gb ilcvere e tdoti hto wsheoh avbeye, n cour­ thmey steprrieosuoesnf Mc eet hoadmiounsug s wrietlhap tai­ve agemaenncdtr itikceipmstymm ,i nodn M ethodDiruB.sr o.o ks tieinntc heme i dosftt h eoiwrnb uslyi vJeasm.ee sx'tse nksniovwel ­ Otitsow, h omseem otrhybe o oikds e dicfaitdreiesdrct,t meyda t­ edgoefc ompuhtaesir,nps a rtibceueilnna vra,l uable. tenttioMo ent howdhieunsw ahPser eossfoorfL ataiHtno baCrotl ­ Ia mh appoibllyit gote hdAe m eriPchainl osSoopchiiaecntadyl legaen,Id whaissst udHeenc to.n titnobu eaet de acfhireerna,dn ,d thEep iscopal STchheooColalom,gb irciMadalgs es,a chfuosre tts, correspuonntdiedlne tah Htiihsos. w n major articles on thper oCvaifpdnu­idanstvg a ritoiumfsero st hper omootfi ormney s ceha.r padocairacinhdsi ,Ge rfelgyoo Nfry ys wshai,tc ahuk neu saucaclo unt Thel atstuecrc'eiss nssotrit thuEetp iiosncD,oi pvailn ity School, not oft hien eflnucoefM ethodius, iwneatrleewir ia wthr hiib sti tge n only amletl hosewa ebdb atteirdcmua rlwi hnigc hp rtehsweer nitt ing boooknVs i ragniOdlv iwdh,i lwea Pshr eeo sfsoofCr l asastSit casn ­ wadso nbeu,ct o nterdti obwuatirtpdsu blifcoramtt ihoen Theolog­ froda,n lda tPeard dPirseoosfnso ofLr a taittnh Uen eirvsiNtoyr tohf icWarli tFiunngwd h,o dsoen Joor,aP ne abPoodrytd eers,ep ravre­s CarolCihnaapH,eil lH lic.so mprehkennoswilovefced l gaes sical and ticumleanrt firooh ne r conttromi obruteth iaoonn nse c holarly patristiacn odtft h hoeiuimgrph otr,ft roau nncdee rsttahcneo dni­ng endeavor. temporary theological asiC shasr uiesbste i­wahni ch concerned him BelmMoanstsu,as cehtts liekvneernw,ob ounds. TheR evP.r oCfy.r Ci.lR icharadnstdoh Vnee ry PRreovf.. Penotse1t9c,9 5 GeorVgaessi lFileovriocwvhes rtkehy se u perovfit shdoeo rcst oral disseratlearatdmiyeo nnt ioTnheed .RP erv.oR. fi cdhA a.Nr orris, Introduction MethodaL iyucsi,a n Cwhrrioitftseh trlei a atpnta eorrftt h e third and yeeaarorlftsy hf euo rtche ntauC rhyr,i satpiolaonatg eiascth,e r oafs ceatniadpc rse,m ieorOf r cirgiretenim,caa is ntsra onbgsecluyr e figuHries. prwionrcnkiosprw,ae la sseimnsb olmeedt hiacn og­ like herwehnotl ceo,m prthilesa er bgoedsoytfG reCehkr isrteimaani ns tos uvrifvorem h is ottihmteehr,at nh oosfEe u seobfCi auess area­ whodsies inctloci enlaetabci rroainott Ofeir ci gceonn triibsnuo tmeed , parttol, e avMientgh oidnoi bussc uTrhiwetr yi.ta irtnehg oss ed iosf­ a tinct pewristsohon msaekl aiisltl lyia ,t esrtaywrlhyio hs atad,c on­ sidekrnaobwlleoe fd gceo ntepmhpiolroasarfo saypc hiyn,wa ittiho n medilceaalr anniadnn ge ,x tenfmasiilviietwa yir th Ceharrilsiteir an writiinncglsu,ad tlie naagps o tr toifOo rni gveonl'usm iwnooruks. NevertMheetlheoswdsri,iu stsh i'an vcgeh iebfleyesn t ud"iiend­ cidaeln"ltt yh,iastf, or re asoonnlisyn edcitrrleyl attowe hdat th ey havteot eulsal b oMuett hohdiimussae nladfb ohuitps l acteh ei n murpkeyr bieotdw tehedene aotfh Oraingtdeh oneu tborfet ahke Aricaonrn otveTrhsleya .s ta aetg ff eonrestrt auoldfM y e thowdaisu s J. FaIrdgemeeossr, a eltre egsli ieduesM eest hode (dP'aOrliysm: pe Beauch1e29s9nw)er,,i twtiettnhh u es oefB onwettshceshnt' isl l relatnievew deiltyoi fMo ent howdoiru1ks s'. 1.Fa rgwreosat tteh een odft hpee riionwd h itchhMe e thocdoirapnnu esw,l y reconswtirttuhhch ete eldpt hSoelf a tvriacn sblyNa .tB ioonnw et"sMcehtd,hi ous," GriecChhirsichsSetc ltrisictfhdeeel Erlr esrDt reeJnia hrhu2n7(d 1er9)wt1,ea 7a sm at­ ters poefci inatle Fraersgtoe.ts hw'e orr oknsM ethodiinucsl,uh diMisen tgh ode d'Oly"mDpeul: i barer bi(tPraeBr"ei asu:s c1h9e2sa9nne)Md, e thdod'eO ly"mLep e: Banqdueest v digieexrs( "P aGraibsa:l 1d9a3a,2r s)et uisluellfS .e ael Bsoon wetsch's 2 Introduction Introduction 3 Sucahb olsdt atermeeqnustio rmeqesu alifAitctaetnitoino.n to thouogfGh rte goofNr yyss a4S. iginciaffnroto luypr u rpossoemse, Methohdainsue sv beere enn tilraeclkyBi onngw.e tesdciht'osr ial general agreetmohe anvbtee enrnoe wa coshnete ehdcem h sr ono­ worhka bse erne fibnyoe tdh eirnps a,r tibcyAu .Vl aairl wlhaon t, logoircdaoelftr h wer itinwghsit,ch heo nso tftu hddeey v elopment examitnhSeeld a avniGdcr eteekxo ttfsh d ei alogue ccaolmlmeodn ly ofh itsh ouagnhpdta ,r tiocfuh livasir elwOy r oifgl eanr,gt eulr5yn s. Ont hFer Weie(l DlLe i baerrbioio,a )t nrbdy H .M usurwihloel do­, Atl eassotma et tehnatasil obsneo e pna itodt hpel aocfMe e thodius ittehdae s cdeitsicco outfrh Sseye mspo situhme, w oonrtlkosy u rvive itnh Ceh risutsoiefta hnce l asdsiliaocgafulroe m a,s 6u bjteow chti ch ini tesn tiirnGe rteyZe T kh.e wraens o taibnlteei rnMe estth obdyi us wew irlelt ounrm noe rt haonno ec casion. Itaslcihaonl ars-bpurntio netcn itpiaarselslloeyycdw i iattthhUe n i­ Altlh siasih do,w evimetur s,bt ea dmitthttaehtde oliongtiecraels t verosfTi utyr int-hi1en29 0wSh,wo e rees peccioanlclewyri ntehd inM ethohdaicsue sn tlearregoden wl hyaa tru el tim"aitnecliyd en­ three laotMfie otnh od iaunshd'i e sse cthhait3cMo sol rorege yc.e ntly, tamla"t theirpssl :ai cnte h bea ckgroeuanrAdlr yio afnt ihsiemn ,­ Englsicshhso h laavbree ecno ncewrinttehhdq e u esotfiM eotnh ­ fluenocfhe ii sn terporfOe rtiagtveiinoe'nows fes m bodeixeids tence odicuosn't ritboiu stsiuoernsa ilbsayAet rdei rwu hsi,Cl aer dDian­al andt hoeeft ercnraelao tfti hoceno smoonls a tCehrr istthiiannk ers, nieIoout hahenardvsn e o tihcipesld a icnte h bea ckground of the and-mroescte ntelvy:-itdhheeenp creo voifid netse irnCe hsrti s­ tiaasnc etiitnch ies mct ehnitrIudnvr i yeo.wtf h iem porotfatnhcees e ownD iTeh eoldoeMgsei te hodviouOnsl ymp(uBse rWleiind:m a1n09n3,M) o.d ern mattieitrss su ,r prtihslaititnlt igen tehrabeses eten x heidbi inMt e­ attetnotM ieotnh ocdaibnued s a tferdoA m.J ahSn., Methodius( HPallalteo:n izans thodhiiumss, oe ril nhf ipsl aicnte h teh eoleorgoaifw c hailhc eh is 1685i)t,s elf depMeingdenideni gto tifoho Gnenr tefehrgkeam en(tPsa troGlroageicaa onoef foweu rw itn7e sses. 18[8 15]7)A.m ong esaursclthyu doinees ,dt ehsaetpr avretsin coutlhiaecrrieet s h at ofG .F rsicthMeelt,h ovdoiOnul sy mpuunssde iPnhei lo(sLoepihPpiozesi cgah:ne dl Trep1t98e7,w) h,i scphe cutlhaMatetet dh ohdaidui,snt hceo urosfh eiw sr iting, 4.S eees Mp..F .W il"eEst,e Grennaelir oanIt,T"Sn ,. s1.(29,1 6 12)8-:4<}1 a;n d shiftforemdb eianp gr opotnoae nno tp ponoefOn rti gFerni.t sscpheeclu'lsa tion, "IDne efncoefA riuIsT.,Sn ". s1.3(, 16 923)3:-<) 47.B ut asleseo WRi.l lDi.a ms, thoutgoshoh arplyg advrreiat swoten h i,en vestoifMg eatthiodocinhu asn'vg iienwg AriHuesr:ea snyTd r aidti(oLno ndDoanr:tL oonn,g maannTd,o dd18,97 )1,76ff . ofO rigdeenv eliontp hewidos r k. an1d6 8ff. aAlnssdeo e D aJn.i eVlEotuer,te Iec hteGezrem giporsde eN ys(sLee iden, 2.A .V ailelda.n tt,ar na.d"n, Ls 'eD Aeu texodueMs eitoh'od d'eOl y,mP"pa e­ TheN etherBlrain1l7d9l0s,): . trolOorgiiean 2t2an,lo 5i.( s P aris: Fi1r90m3)Hi;.nM -uDsiudrotitrnl,asl,M .o e,­ 5.S eienp artiAc.Vu iltaorlr deesn,te indtearcldau ermpou eryrt seou cietna do thodde' Oly"mLepeB :a nquSeotu,r"Cc herse tineon9.n5 e( sP,a Creirs1f:9, 6 3), OrigeSngeeusen:l" Der esuTTedcetM ieotnoddeie"oO lim(poeJ rusaFlreamn:c iscan precebdyhe idSs t M.e thodi"uThsSe:y mposiAu Tmre"a:t oinCs eh astAintcyi,e nt PrinPtrien1sg9s 8,w1 h)i,ac php arentlyc harcocneoopflmt oysog wytnd h oec toral ChrisWtriiatnneo r2.s7( , W estmiMnd.sN:te ewrm,a1 n59,8 T)h.ei ntrodtuoc tions dissieorTnth.aec t hronoolrodgoeiftrc h awelr ithianpsge sr hnaepvsbe eree nn tirely these wortkobs en odteiascsieet nrdh v eem sgeelnvesertsau lod fMie etsh ioudNs o.t ice ind oubwti,tt hhc er itiocfOi rsimgisent n hD ee r easn.Dd e c rteipasl alcaeasdnt d, shoulbde t aalkosefonV B .u chhSetiutd,i Meent hzoduvi ooOnsl ympTuesx,t e und thDee l iabr.b eiatr.Bl uydt.o ubhtasvfe erq uebnetelrnya iasbeodtu htea sses ump­ Untersuc6h9(u,Bn egrelni n: 1A9k5wa8hd)oa,ssm teiu eod,fty h Ger eteekix ntt h e tiofnoser;x ampBloen,w e(tTshceho 8-lolgOi}e-,- aarggauiFinrnssigctt h Meelt,h o­ inteorfee sstta bltihaseuh tihnegn tic woarmkosno gtc htoehnrifi inrmgmpssao ,nr tt diuvsoO nl ympus-rtehgeaamrsu d necde rAtswa eis nh.as leliei t,s pnoosws tiob le to btohoitksh, ie n authoefnt thfiergc amietynC tostnr Pao ryprhium. beq uictleea abrot uhtce h ronorleolgaitciaoolfn mstahhjeiwo prr i tings. 3.S eefo,ir n stAan.Bc iea,m o"nLt'ied,ti i cMae dt'oOdliioam np"doL ,'"e sca­ 6.S eMe. H omffannDe,Dr i laobge die Cnh ristSlcrihticsfhteendl elerer rsnt en tolodgiMi eat oddi'oO limRpeov,i"st a tdrisi tmue{idslito sroear{i lecele i 3g iosi vi,earh rhu(nBdeerrAltkiea nd:eV meirel-ag, 1p9a6r6t)i,cB u.la anRrd.l y,V oss, (912)22:7 -2<}84;( 12931)8:-2 202;s eaEel.B s uoo na"iTuhtEeit ,h aincEdss cha­ DeDri laoignd eFrr iihchriLsitatletir(ucMrhu enniW cihl:h eFlimn1k 79,0 w)h,i ch toloogfM ye thoodfiO ulsy umsp,H"ar vaTrhedo llo gRiecva1i4(e 91w21 )2:5- 5 hamsu cohfv altuose a ayb otuhtre e laotfsi toyanln esd u bstianMn ecteh odius' 66T.h ew orokft hIet aslcihaionros el c ogbnyi zitenhdce luosfJi.Poe nnp, i" Pla­ dialogues. toniestSm teo iccihseMmzee t hodd'eO ly,m"ipnF e ormfutau rSit:ui dnoi n odreel 7.P lainnosl hyo,rr etv siuecwah st hoinsce a tna akcec ooufan lttlh haatbs e en CardiMniaclhePe elglerl ei(nToun r:Bi ottde'gaEasr m1o9, 7156)2-,4 a4s ,t uodfy writatbeotnuh tme a nays peocMft est hod iuasn'wd h wirwciihtbl ienln o gtisen,td h e thpeh ilosboapchokiugcnroadflt hDee l ibaerrboi ttowr hiionc oht wiicbleelg iven courosfte hp er esweonratkn d sientt hbeoi ubtl ioBgurptaa prhtyir.ce eufrleanrc e later. shoublemd a dteot wo wwrhiot erhsa ve tchoenmcsewerilntvtehehdl se i turgical 4 Introduction MethoadniOdur si gen 5 Thep resweonrmtka kneosc latiobm e itnhgse o orftc ompre­ thiinnged citrtlody ow itthhc er eaotftih o"enO riwgheon "cw oans­ hensives tguetdnhyFea artra cgloe ussl tdai tltle imn1p 9t92 W.h ile demnetdh seii nx th 8c entury. muchha hsa ppetnmoe adkM ee thomdoirauecs c estshiahbnetl hee n BuMte thodpiluaascsa'e critici asol fcs eoOn rttirotga helen wasm,u cehl hsaehs a ppetnome adk teh ies soufhe ists i mmeo re reconsiodfae nrtahtrioopnio slsorugaeiisbcs yOae rldi gen in Gregory dififculttoa ssTehsisws.o rhko,w evdeores,se etkog ebte hitnhde ofN ysOsant, h Mea kionHfgu man(iDheto ym ionpiifisac nOidno ) "incidiennttearlem"su tcrshe corefene ftr entcoMe e thodtiou s, thSeo aunlt dh Reeu srre(cDtaeiin omnea tr eu sretcri)o.nM9oe re­ studyf rohh iimms, ae nltdfop rovtihbdeae s firo sra e consideration oveMre,t hocdriiutsoi'fcO riisgmoe ntn h eet ercnraelao tfti hoen ofh is conttotr hiiebs usotufihe oistns i maesh, eh imssehlelfdi sg ht cosmionhs i,ds i gaulXeoe nOon:C r eaTtheid(n Dgcesr te)ian,so t upotnh em. only lsihgoehndAt sr icursi't icOriisgmve inoe'fws eotfe trnhael Imta bye u suelft,h etnoi, n trotdhsuitcsueb d ymy a kirneegfr ence begetotfti hSneog n b,u t ahnea vsew ni dbeera roinMn egt hodius' tot hpea rtipceurlsaprefo crmtw ihviehcsehh abse evni ewedt- wha treatomfOe rnitgs einnt:ch Seel atvriacn solmaitttihsdoe in a logue, wem ayc atlhlse e ve"rianlc idMeentthaold"i tioa -natnicdi pate wea rdee penednetniotrn te hlGeyr efearkg mepnrtess eirnPv heod­ their obnwe haarwties n hga lflro tashse m toa r seu bstantial view otfi uBsbi,l ioftohoreu kcrna o,w loefwd hgaet atpobp eea afi rnsa l, Methohdiimus.se lf comprehternesaitvomefme onrte otnheia mnp oratsapnoetcf t Methocdriiutsei'nc taelr prise. Theirset, h eenv,er reya tsoco onn sMiedtehro adsoi nuoesfO ri­ MethoadniOdur si gen genm'ossi tn flnuteicarli tIincdsei.est de ,ei mnsc reapsrionbgalbyl e Notmeu sfti brest ta koefMn e thodrieupsu'taa satc iroinot fi c thhaitws a tsh eea rlcioemsptr ehcernistioivfce i Osrlmia gueenndc h OrigIennd.et ehdhi,asb s e enp rtihnepc eirpsaplfe orcmtt hioveue t ­ formw itthhiienne tlleccitrutcahllae ts meixgphettc obtb eese dy m­ seTth.el t itwleek noowf Methhiomds,ie ulso ftthhaenr cwahna t pathteott higecr eAalte xanadsMr eitahno,d ius' own recurrent in­ bed edufcoremhd i wsr itmiunsgbtset , e afsoremtd h ree poorfEt us­ debtetdonO ersisgs ecnr'isp itneutrrparle sthaothwiisomt no h ave sebainuJdse rowmheor, e spectirvaegalenydad p dpilesadphu aidm beeHne.i c se rttahioenn llpyyr iaourt hyso preictimfiecnatliloyn ed itnh lei gohtfth e oiwvrni eowfsO riTgheienn .fln ucoeeMf e thiouds ' byE ustaotfAh nituisio nch hie sa rly-fouwrotrhak-g caeinntsutr y critiicnti hdseim ga,ul Aeog alophOontn hR:ee scutri(roDernee sur­ Ori.gOe1 n retci)oo,nna ev aroifie stsyu est otr hefella alrt,ei sntgoo rfsa otuilosn, antdh per escehnatr aocfe tmebord eixeids taesan tcter,i bOurtie­d to 8.S ee ViItedonrteibsdu,at d ,ta hlmeso orc eo mprehterntesmaievnet of Metho­ diuisn't erporfet OartiiinJgo .en n D eDcogkmoawa ,n Mdy stiicnEi asrmCl hyr is­ geni,cs u rrernetcloygt nohi azveheda mdu cthod ow itfrhom ing tianEiptiyp:h oafnC iypursau nstd h Leega coyf OgreinP,a trMiosntoigcrS aeprhi es, thpei ctoufr eO rigen tphr"eeh seernetseido lboyg iisnt " Epiphanius no1. 3( MacGoan:.,M erc1e9r)8,,a8 nEd. CAl.a TrhkOe,r ingieCsotn otvrersy hiPsa naLrXiIoaVnn;t dh piisc tuirttesu, r hnia,and tl e assotm e- (PrinNce.tJPo.rni:,n cUenvtieornPs riety1s 99s2,) . 9.S eBer ooOktsi" sC,a ppadTohceioalanos g Cyoa h erSeyensmtt, i"nD um­ barOtaoknPs a pernso,1. 2( C ambrMiads.gHs:ea ,r vUanridv ePrrsei1st9sy5,9 8 7)ff, . signifiocfMa entcheow doirufksors'md ierffepnetr spencatmievCle.Rys i,,g "gVii,t a an"dG regoNryy soasfnat d h Cea ppadVoiceiowafT n i meS,P1" 4 ( 17963)2:7 ff.; Chrisetd iiaanlao go lSiytmuprodgsiMii eootd oinoSe,al"l nesuim3a 7(9 1755)0:3 - anRd. HEe.i nPeee,rftc iionnt hVei rtLufio,euP sa trMiosntoigcrS aeprhin eo2s. , 45a nFd. v adne Pna ve"rCdoe,ns fs(iEoxna gorePuesnias(n)Ec xeao nmdo liong esis) (PhilaPdheillpahdiPeaal:tp rhFiiosaut nidca 1t9i7oS5ne),e. JaD.la snoi eVlEotur,e thDee l eporfMa e thoodfOi luys mpOursi,e"n CtharliisaPt eiraodn44ia c( a17 98): etIe t emps. 3091-a 4nd (417599 4)5:- 7N4e.i twhiefilrgl u re proimnti hpnere enstwelonyrtk , 10T.h eo thpeerr scoonm moindleyn taissfi uecadhne arclryii tMsie ct hodius' bubto tcho ntrmiubcuthtoo e uu rn derstoafMn edtihnoagdsa ip uesr fsmaoinl ainadr virctounatle mporoafAr lye xPaenBtduertri afsr.gua mcehn teavriyd aeswne ch ea ve concewrinttehhdl e i tuprrgaiccotafhil ci tesis m e. ofP eter's ocfOr riitgiienscno io tsn mlasgy o odde alalt beurit,cs l eadrulbyii onu s 6 Introduction MethoTdhieuosl'oS gyinctahle sis 7 Iwti llb eon uoprtu rphoesrteeod enMye thomdiieuspsrr'e sen­ thdei vtiotn hece r eaotredodefw r h ihcuhm ayni ipsta rTth.ee vo­ tatoifoO nrsi goentn h see veralt hmaaartcte ut rerroesfni tnltye rest. lutoifto hne tshee mients hc eo uorfhs iecs r iticismisbs u otf Origen Wes hailnflc a,tb ,o tehx tetnhdes icroa pneod ffe ra ne xplanation one tohafer respthiennogm neenead aitntge nfotrmia onny one oft heoirri agnicdnh araScpteecri.fiw cesa hlaslluylg, g tehsaittn , studMyeitnhgo adsit uhase olionhg iiosaw nnr ight. revieOwriingge n'si ntt heleai cgohhfcit rn igt oifhc iiossw mn "Ori­ genistM"e tvhioecdwaismut,esob evleit ehat Ohraidg,c ernua cti al MethodTihuesol'o Sgyinctahle sis poinbtesel,net doe mbraac coes moldougailcoiafssl pm ia rnmidat t ­ teorft hseo trhtha eth ahdi msaetltfai cnhk ieesda rDlely i baerr­o Iitds o butfuilMf e thowdoiuuhlsad vd ee sighniamtsae"e dtl hfe o­ bitarsi incoo nswiistCthhe rani tsv tieiwae nvIo iIM fle .t hopdliaucse' log.iN"ao nwro umlods otfh iCsh risctoinatne mpfoorwrah roime s, asa p rismoecu ero fm anlya tmeirs represoefOn rtiagitesin o ns thweo ridm pltihseetd u odfty h dei vbienien agnswd,o u tlhdub se secure. eitthaerrn ibsyph aegdaa sns ocioarrt eisoefnrrosvt ehde worfi ters Buitwt i alllbs eoo upru rptooss heo twh Maett howdainsuo st thGeo spNeelvse.r tchoenlseisdsoe,fr aittnhifeol nuo efOn rcieg en the tuontsaylmlpyac trhioetOftir icic gt ehtnah tfi casmt i gshutg gest. onM ethondeicuess lseaartdiots lh qyeu esotfti hofenro matiinv­e Origreenm afioMnres t ho"dami aunso ft hCeh ur(cDhr"ese uercr­ fluenocnew sh awtew ounlodwc ahlil"s t heyo".lF ooFgra rgaess , tio1n1.e91, .)w hosvei eownss cripitnutrearlp retoant ion-and froB onwebteosfrchehi mM,e thowdaisub sest eoep rni maastr hiel y mucehl se-phliaimcn ape o siotfei moinn etnhcdaeet m atnhdast creaotfaso yrn tohfteh seimse sf ordmrI arwenna anedu sO rBiugte n. heb ea ssewsistehd o cnta hropeso eis wn htehreew a lse idn etror or. wew islelte h at thiems o srucebo jmepaclttiea cdn,td h at as uch Moreove"rm,u cthh jeeum lsestne t"i ionnucedldeb sa stihce ological generaliisaz,tla e taaistootn n pe o isnitg,n ifimciasnltelayd ing. emphadseersi,tv herdos ucgrhi pitnutrearlp rtehtcaaottn itoinnsu,e Methohdiiumssi esal c fo nsidheerlwapib tltheh pirso blem. toi nfoMremt hotdhiouuseg'vh eitnnt hceo uorfshe ic sr itoifc ism Whihlees eldiodme nhtiissfio ecuser s-any mdoirhdeic sot nh­an th"eO rigerne"j eIhcnetd set.eh dci,os n tiinnufleudeo nfOc rei gen temporarhiateshs ie-n hvee teratienh itseb noudtsoehePfn lcayt,o contersaig bouodtde taotl h pea rticchualraarc otfMe ertihsiotudis c's andC horfi swtriiattneoe r msp,lp oayr apharneadvs eevnse rabla­l matutrheo uognth hthe u mapnr edicametnhtre,e laaontfdi oonn lusitohanalstl uosaw c cteos sst ohcueero snw hihcehd r aFwrso.m theev idtehnhacete hitmhsupesrl ofv iiidtcse l set,ah rwa hti Olrei ­ autheyn;it nidceiieittdss ,u spicsiiomuitslotla hyroa ftM ethohdiimulssfSe .e Te. gerne mains Mgeutithdomoe ad tituoesfsr' cs r ipitnutrearolpn r,e tati ViviSatnP.,e toefAr l enxdar:Bi iashaonpMd a rt(yPrh iladFeorltprh1ei9sa8s:8, ) , anhde nccoen trmiabnuytt ehotsefh eolvoigeiiwcmsab le didnhei ds cha2p,a. sw elalsm yc ommeinnatr se viofeV wi viiantn hA en glniT chaegoilcoal owni nterprtehteartaeil oosantorsh ev,e o ri tcobe esh eard. Revi6e1(w 1 9904)7:3 1-E.8u stamtehnitui"soM nest hoodfbi luessm seemdo ry" in connewcittihoc nrh iitsoi fOc riisgmie dnoe'fats h ree surroeftc hbteoi do"inofl rym " Ireniacseo unss tparnetsbleeynh tit nhbder oade p tiohcfdet i u­r (EntgXX.aIs I),t hauonbsdov uishlaMyse thoDdeir uests'oh. a nd. Since Eustathiusv ine economy orfe csuartlrhveeanamttgei aoinn,s ttth hwee h ich seOesr igveine'awsscs o ntatihnseie neogdfA s r ianiiitsqs mu ,ip toes stihbhalete importoaftn hlceeie o f fc hays tpiilsta cientd h e disocfto huer ses wafsma ilwiiatMrhe thoDdeic uraset'w. h,o csrei toifOc riisgomen n ettheer nal cre­ atioofn the scuosspmioscs iioimusits loAl aryri a utst'oa nct khe et ernal begetting of SympuomIs.ni deieitdts ,h p ee cuclhiaarrao cftt hSeeyr m puoms­i thSeo n. antdh cea uosfme u cohft hceo unsfiroeng aridtcishn agr aj;1cSat er 1.1T haMte thovdiieuowsfO' r igweanns o etn tihrioeswl nfyba ricwaitblieol n genewroarolkft heologiypt-l tahtcahetces a tlocl h asitnti htey discuss(esdbe eell oacwth,ea5 rp,n . o t7ea sn 2d 3B)u.st e We. R .S choeAdtehle,­ nagaos"r:Leg ataion""dD er esutriroe(ncOex"f Colradr:e Pnrdeo1sn79s 2,x) x,ev t contoefax b tr ovaide owft hdei vpilnaeon fs alvfarott ihorene ­ sqe.f,oa rd iscuosfis sisorunee lsat toOe rdi gienwn h aitas l mcoesrtt tahiceno lny­ demptoifboo ntt hhs ep irittuhael pahcnyrdse ianctoaiewlon nt ering tempnoeroaPusse udo-AtDheer ne.as goras, itlsap shta wsiett hhI en carnoaftt hWieoo rnad n,r de gacrhdass tity,