Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems K. Fazel MarconiCommunications GmbH Germany and S. Kaiser GermanAerospace Center(DLR) Germany Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems K. Fazel MarconiCommunications GmbH Germany and S. Kaiser GermanAerospace Center(DLR) Germany Copyright2003 JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester, WestSussexPO198SQ,England Telephone(+44)1243779777 Email(forordersandcustomerserviceenquiries):[email protected] VisitourHomePageonwww.wileyeurope.comorwww.wiley.com AllRightsReserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemor transmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanningor otherwise,exceptunderthetermsoftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988orundertheterms ofalicenceissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgencyLtd,90TottenhamCourtRoad,LondonW1T 4LP,UK,withoutthepermissioninwriting ofthePublisher.RequeststothePublishershouldbe addressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate, Chichester,WestSussexPO198SQ,England,[email protected],orfaxedto (+44)1243770620. Thispublicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateandauthoritativeinformationinregardtothesubject mattercovered.ItissoldontheunderstandingthatthePublisherisnotengagedinrendering professionalservices.Ifprofessionaladviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofa competentprofessionalshouldbesought. OtherWileyEditorialOffices JohnWiley&SonsInc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA Jossey-Bass,989MarketStreet,SanFrancisco,CA94103-1741,USA Wiley-VCHVerlagGmbH,Boschstr.12,D-69469Weinheim,Germany JohnWiley&SonsAustraliaLtd,33ParkRoad,Milton,Queensland4064,Australia JohnWiley&Sons(Asia)PteLtd,2ClementiLoop#02-01,JinXingDistripark,Singapore129809 JohnWiley&SonsCanadaLtd,22WorcesterRoad,Etobicoke,Ontario,CanadaM9W1L1 Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappears inprintmaynotbeavailableinelectronicbooks. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Fazel,Khaled. Multi-carrierandspreadspectrumsystems/K.Fazel,S.Kaiser. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-470-84899-5 1.Spreadspectrumcommunications.2.Multiplexing.I.Kaiser,Stefan,1960– II.Title. TK5103.45.F392003 621.382–dc22 2003057595 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN0-470-84899-5 Typesetin10/12ptTimesbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,India PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyAntonyRoweLtd,Chippenham,Wiltshire Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaperresponsiblymanufacturedfromsustainableforestry inwhichatleasttwotreesareplantedforeachoneusedforpaperproduction. to my parents, mywife Miriam, mydaughters Sarah, Sophia, and Susanna (K.F.) my wife Susanna, my sons Lukasand Philipp and my daughter Anna (S.K.) Contents Foreword xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1 1 Fundamentals 15 1.1 Radio Channel Characteristics 15 1.1.1 Understanding Radio Channels 15 1.1.2 Channel Modeling 16 1.1.3 Channel Fade Statistics 18 1.1.4 Inter-Symbol (ISI) and Inter-Channel Interference (ICI) 19 1.1.5 Examples of Discrete MultipathChannel Models 20 1.1.6 Multi-Carrier Channel Modeling 21 1.1.7 Diversity 22 1.2 Multi-CarrierTransmission 24 1.2.1 Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiplexing(OFDM) 25 1.2.2 Advantages and Drawbacks of OFDM 30 1.2.3 Applicationsand Standards 30 1.3 Spread Spectrum Techniques 30 1.3.1 Direct Sequence Code Division MultipleAccess 34 1.3.2 Advantages and Drawbacks of DS-CDMA 37 1.3.3 Applicationsof Spread Spectrum 37 1.4 Multi-CarrierSpread Spectrum 41 1.4.1 Principle of Various Schemes 41 1.4.2 Advantages and Drawbacks 43 1.4.3 Examples of Future ApplicationAreas 44 1.5 References 45 2 MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMA 49 2.1 MC-CDMA 49 2.1.1 Signal Structure 49 2.1.2 Downlink Signal 50 2.1.3 Uplink Signal 51 2.1.4 Spreading Techniques 51