Participantsinthesymposiumentitled‘‘TheoriesofRepresentationinAmericanIn- dianLiteratures:EuropeanandNorthAmericanPerspectives.’’Thesymposiumtook placeJune–,,attheseventeenth-centuryChateaudelaBretesche,nearthe townofMissillacinsouthernBrittany,France,andapproximatelytwoandahalfhours fromtheportofSt.Malo. Firstrow:A.LaVonneBrownRuoff,PaulaGunnAllen,WillardA.Beling Secondrow:DavidMurray,KimBlaeser,KathrynShanley,SimonePellerin Thirdrow:JohnPurdy,BernadetteRigal-Cellard,KathleenM.Sands,DavidMoore, GretchenM.Bataille,HartwigIsernhagen Native American Representations First Encounters, Distorted Images, and Literary Appropriations edited by gretchen m. bataille Universityof NebraskaPress,LincolnandLondon (cid:1)bytheUniversity ofNebraskaPress Allrightsreserved Manufacturedinthe UnitedStatesofAmerica LibraryofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data.NativeAmerican representations:first encounters,distorted images,andliterary appropriations/edited byGretchenM.Bataille. p. cm. Includesbibliographical referencesandindex. isbn--- (cloth:alk.paper) isbn--- (pbk.:alk.paper) .IndiansofNorth America–Public opinion..Public opinion–UnitedStates. .Indiansinliterature. .Americanliterature– Historyandcriticism. .IndiansofNorth America–Attitudes. .Indiansinpopular culture.I.Bataille, GretchenM.,– e.pn .(cid:1)–dc - TableofContents vii Acknowledgments  Introduction gretchenm.bataille  AsIfanIndianWereReallyanIndian: NativeAmericanVoicesandPostcolonialTheory louisowens  TheIndiansAmericaLovestoLoveandRead: AmericanIndianIdentityandCulturalAppropriation kathrynshanley  ReturnoftheBuffalo: CulturalRepresentationasCulturalProperty davidl.moore  RepresentationandCulturalSovereignty: SomeCaseStudies davidmurray  TrickstersoftheTrade: ‘‘Remagining’’theFilmicImageofNativeAmericans johnpurdy  TellingStoriesforReaders: TheInterplayofOralityandLiteracyinClaraPearson’s NehalemTillamookTales jaroldramsey  CooperationandResistance: NativeAmericanCollaborativePersonalNarrative kathleenm.sands  WesternLiteraryModelsandTheirNativeAmericanRevisiting: TheHybridAestheticsofOwens’sTheSharpestSight bernadetterigal-cellard  IdentityandExchange: TheRepresentationof‘‘TheIndian’’intheFederalWritersProject andinContemporaryNativeAmericanLiterature hartwigisernhagen  ReversingtheGaze: EarlyNativeAmericanImagesofEuropeansandEuro-Americans a.lavonnebrownruoff  MetacriticalFramesofReferenceinStudying AmericanIndianLiterature: AnAfterword kathrynshanley  Contributors  Bibliography  Index vi Contents Acknowledgments Anyprojectofthissizeandcomplexityissuccessfulonlybecauseoftheefforts of many people working together. The impetus and primary support came fromtheBorchardFoundationinLosAngeles.Fortheirenthusiasticsupport ofthisprojectfromthebeginning,IamgratefultoDr.WillardBeling,presi- dentoftheBoardofDirectorsoftheAlbertandElaineBorchardFoundation andMrs.BettyBeling,vicepresidentoftheFoundation.Frommyfirstdiscus- sionswiththemtothegrandbanquetattheFrenchshore,theywerefullpartic- ipantsinthedevelopmentoftheproposal,intheentiresymposiumatChateau delaBretesche,andinthesocialevents.Thisbookisdedicatedtotheminrec- ognitionoftheirsupport. TwelvescholarsandtwofacilitatorsmetinBrittanyduringJuneof.Of thetwelvescholars,allexceptPaulaGunnAllen,SimonePellerin,andKim- berlyBlaeserarerepresentedinthiscollection.EllenNashservedasorganizer of all details before, during, and after the trip, and Greta Nash visually re- cordedtheentiresymposium,includingapoetryreadingandmusicalpresen- tation thatfeatured symposiumparticipants. Inthe springof ,Kathryn Shanleybroughttogethermanyoftheparticipantsforfurtherdiscussionsat CornellUniversity.JeroldRamseyparticipatedintheCornellconference,and his essay was added to the collection. Louis Owens, James Welch, Gordon Henry,WolfgangHochbruck,NeleyeDelanoe,andLauraColtelliwereinvited andunabletoattendthesymposium,butallofthemofferedadviceand suggestionsthatcontributedtothesuccessoftheendeavor.LouisOwenscon- tributedanessaytothebookthatclearlyarticulatesthefocusofthecollection. Betweentheplanningofthesymposiumandthisfinalproject,Ihavehad thesupportoftwoinstitutions:UniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,and WashingtonStateUniversity.Iamgratefultobothinstitutionsforthesupport IreceivedfromresearchassistantsNoelleWilliamsatucsbandKristenHarp- sterandBethanyBlankenshipatwsu.Iamparticularlyappreciativeofthesup- vii portIreceivedfromDonnaClarkatwsu,whohadtodoeverythingfromfig- ureouthowtoopen‘‘foreign’’computerdiskstofollowingmynomadiccol- leaguesfromoneinstitutiontoanotherortosabbaticaladdresses.Nowatthe UniversityofNorthCarolina,IhavehadthesupportofMargaretTorbertand LisaAdamsonincompletingthefinalmanuscript. Finally,aprojectsuchasthisispossiblebecauseofthemanywriters,schol- ars,andfriendswhoremaininterestedinthehistoryofNativeAmericanson this continent and the representation of them throughout the world. In a worldwhereboundariesshiftandsometimesdisappear,themanydistortions andmisrepresentationsofNativeAmericanshaveremainedandhavegained international presence and persistence. This collection demonstrates that therearemanywritersandcritics—AmericanandEuropean,NativeAmerican andnon-Natives—whocontinuetoworkto‘‘settherecordstraight.’’ GretchenM.Bataille UniversityofNorthCarolina ChapelHill,NorthCarolina viii acknowledgments Native American Representations