Whatever path the pandemic takes from here, says Karl Deisseroth, the pioneering American neuroscientist, psychiatrist, bioengineer and now author, “Coronavirus has affected us all and it has changed us all.He has been finishing his book, Connections: A Story of Human Feeling, an investigation into the nature of human emotions.This is the basic methodology of optogenetics, a technique that Deisseroth pioneered in 2005 with his team at what is now the Deisseroth Lab at Stanford University.Optogenetics is now its own field, its techniques and principles used in hundreds of laboratories across the world to advance understanding of the circuits of the brain and the consequences of conditions such as schizophrenia, autism and dementia.Deisseroth has another great leap forward on his CV, too: see-through brains.In 2013, his team figured out a way to drain away the opaque fatty matter in a mouse brain and instead suspend all the brain cells in a scaffold of hydrogel, a transparent, jelly-like substance that allows for extraordinarily detailed brain imaging – a significant leap forward from the standard fMRI scan.If you look at it, one route to understanding how those symbols are transformed into feelings might be looking at how the brain works.The two ﬁelds are usually seen as distinct – brain v mind – but the insights gained in consultations with patients have seeded many of Deisseroth’s experiments.How can inspiration ﬂow both ways?” Connections is Deisseroth coming “full circle”, he says, back to his “original and greatest love” – writing.At times, it recalls the case histories of Oliver Sacks, at times the sweep of Yuval Noah Harari’s Sapiens – though Deisseroth says a closer model is The Periodic Table by the poet-chemist Primo Levi.“We can not only record from the activity of tens of thousands of neurons while the processes that correspond to feelings are happening – we can directly turn up and turn down the representation of these feelings with great precision.And all of that neurobiology maps on to this fundamental question of what a feeling is.” There are many moments where Deisseroth’s case histories echo the strange times we are living through.Is that something that was more valuable at a diﬀerent time in the long march of evolution?” He speculates that the manic state – “in some ways the highest expression of what a human can be” – was a circuit in the brain waiting to be tripped; and perhaps such states have helped humans cope with war, famine, climate emergency or pandemics in the past.This leads Deisseroth to ponder the case of Joan of Arc in medieval France – a female teenage peasant who, like Alexander, appeared to be an inappropriate vessel for such mania, but nevertheless managed to make a national impact.But there’s not much that any individual can do.” In another chapter, Deisseroth contrasts two patients with extreme “social and nonsocial brain states”.Meanwhile Charles who was on the autistic spectrum shrank from human contact he suﬀered panic attacks in social situations and could not meet anyone’s eye, associating eye contact with a “negative-valence subjective internal state” (ie feeling bad).“One reason Zoom meetings can be so exhausting is we have to work much harder to create our model of the other person – and that’s before we get on to multiple people,” Deisseroth says.He made the breakthroughs in optogenetics while struggling with single fatherhood; he describes an early clinical encounter with a girl suﬀering from brain cancer as the inspiration for his work; and it so happens that his wife, Michelle Monje, is now a specialist in brain cancer in children.

Neuroscientist Karl Deisseroth: ‘Coronavirus has changed us all’ PDF

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