partisans of allah PARTISANS ALLAH OF jihad in south asia Ayesha Jalal harvard university press Cambridge,Massachusetts London,England 2008 Copyright©2008byAyeshaJalal Allrightsreserved PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Jalal,Ayesha. PartisansofAllah : jihadinSouthAsia / AyeshaJalal. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN-13:978-0-674-02801-2(alk.paper) 1.Jihad. 2.Martydom—Islam. 3.Muslimmartyrs—SouthAsia. 4.Islamandpolitics—Asia. I.Title. 297.7′20954—dc22 2007040881 For my mother Zakia Hamid Jalal on her eightieth birthday— celebrating a life exemplifying the struggle to be human Contents ListofMaps ix Preface xi 1 JihadasEthics,JihadasWar 1 2 JihadinPrecolonialSouthAsia 20 3 TheMartyrsofBalakot 58 4 JihadinColonialIndia 114 5 JihadasAnticolonialNationalism 176 6 IslamSubverted?JihadasTerrorism 239 Conclusion 302 Glossary 317 Notes 321 Index 357 Maps 1. SouthAsiaintheIslamicWorld xvii 2. JourneytowardJihad:SayyidAhmadofRaiBareilly’sRoad toMartyrdom 85