PHILOSOPHY IN THE HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN WORLDS PETER ADAMSON P H I L O S O P H Y I N T H E H E L L E N I S T I C A N D R O M A N W O R L D S a history of philosophy without any gaps volume 2 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OXDP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries #PeterAdamson Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin Impression: Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber: ISBN –––– PrintedinGreatBritainby ClaysLtd,StIvesplc LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. For my brother Glenn Adamson CONTENTS Preface xi Acknowledgements xvii ANoteonReferences xix Dates xxi Map xxv Part I. Hellenistic Philosophy . FightingoverSocrates—TheHellenisticSchools  . BewareofthePhilosopher—TheCynics  . InstantGratification—TheCyrenaics  . TheConstantGardener—ThePrinciplesofEpicurus  . AmIBothered?—EpicureanEthics  . NothingtoFear—EpicureansonDeathandtheGods  . ReapingtheHarvest—Lucretius  . WalkingonEggshells—StoicLogic  . Nobody’sPerfect—TheStoicsonKnowledge  . WeDidn’tStarttheFire—TheStoicsonNature  . LikeaRollingStone—StoicEthics  . AngerManagement—Seneca  . YouCanChainMyLeg—Epictetus  . ThePhilosopherKing—MarcusAurelius  . BeyondBelief—PyrrhoandSkepticism  . TheKnow-NothingParty—TheSkepticalAcademy  vii CONTENTS . RhetoricalQuestions—Cicero  . HealthySkepticism—SextusEmpiricus  . TheJoyofSects—AncientMedicineandPhilosophy  . TheBestDoctorisaPhilosopher—Galen  Part II. Pagan Philosophy in the Roman Empire . CaesarianSection—PhilosophyintheRomanEmpire  . MiddleMen—ThePlatonicRevival  . TotheLighthouse—PhiloofAlexandria  . DelphicUtterances—Plutarch  . LostandFound—AristotelianismafterAristotle  . NotWritteninStone—AlexanderofAphrodisias  . SilverTonguesinGoldenMouths—RhetoricandAncient Philosophy  . SkyWriting—Astronomy,Astrology,andPhilosophy  . AGodIsMyCo-Pilot—TheLifeandWorksofPlotinus  . SimplicityItself—PlotinusontheOneandIntellect  . OntheHorizon—PlotinusontheSoul  . ADecoratedCorpse—PlotinusonMatterandEvil  . KingofAnimals—Porphyry  . PythagoreanTheorems—Iamblichus  . DomesticGoddessesandPhilosopherQueens—TheHousehold andtheState  . ThePlatonicSuccessor—Proclus  . ATaleofTwoCities—TheLastPaganPhilosophers  . ForaLimitedTimeOnly—JohnPhiloponus  viii CONTENTS Part III. Christian Philosophy in the Roman Empire . FatherFigures—AncientChristianPhilosophy  . PleaseAcceptourApologies—TheGreekChurchFathers  . FallandRise—Origen  . ThreeforthePriceofOne—TheCappadocians  . NamingtheNameless—ThePseudo-Dionysius  . DoubleorNothing—MaximustheConfessor  . PracticeMakesPerfect—ChristianAsceticism  . SpreadingtheWord—TheLatinChurchFathers  . LifeandTime—Augustine’sConfessions  . PapaDon’tTeach—AugustineonLanguage  . HelpWanted—AugustineonFreedom  . HeavenandEarth—Augustine’sCityofGod  . Me,Myself,andI—AugustineonMindandMemory  . BornAgain—LatinPlatonism  . Fate,Hope,andClarity—Boethius  Notes  FurtherReading  Index  ix