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Photocatalytic Oxidation in Drinking Water Treatment Using Hypochlorite and Titanium Dioxide PDF
Preview Photocatalytic Oxidation in Drinking Water Treatment Using Hypochlorite and Titanium Dioxide
Photocatalytic Oxidation in Drinking Water Treatment Using Hypochlorite and Titanium Dioxide Photocatalytic Oxidation in Drinking Water Treatment Using Hypochlorite and Titanium Dioxide PROEFSCHRIFT terverkrijgingvandegraadvandoctor aandeTechnischeUniverstiteitDelft, opgezagvandeRectorMagnificusprof.ir.K.C.A.M.Luyben, voorzittervanhetCollegevoorPromoties, inhetopenbaarteverdedigenopwoensdag25september2013om10:00 door AmerEL-KALLINY MasterofScienceinChemistry AinShamsUniversity,Egypt geborenteGiza,Egypt Ditproefschriftisgoedgekeurddoordepromotor: Prof.dr.ir.L.C.Rietveld Samenstellingpromotiecommissie: RectorMagnificus Voorzitter Prof.dr.Ir.L.C.Rietveld TechnischeUniversiteitDelft,promotor Dr.H.W.Nugteren TechnischeUniversiteitDelft Prof.dr.ir.P.W.Appel TechnischeUniversiteitDelft Prof.dr.R.AbdelWahaab NationalResearchCenter(NRC),Cairo,Egypt Prof.dr.M.Kennedy UNESCO-IHE/TechnischeUniversiteitDelft Prof.dr.D.Wolbert ÉcoleNationaleSupérieuredeChimiedeRennes Prof.dr.T.C.Schmidt UniversityDuisburg-Essen,Germany Prof.J.P.vanderHoek TechnischeUniversiteitDelft,reservelid This research was conducted within the framework of INNOWATOR project and financially supported by Agentschap NL and the Organization for Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons(OPCW). Proefschrift,TechnischeUniversiteitDelft MetsamenvattinginhetNederlands/WithsummaryinDutch ISBN978-94-6186-214-3 ©2013AmerS.El-Kalliny Allrightsreserved Printedby:CPIKoninklijkeWöhrmann,theNetherlands INTHEMEMORYOFMYFATHER TOMYFAMILY (MOTHER, WIFE & DAUGHTER) Contents Summary xiii Samenvatting xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Advancedoxidationprocesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3 Homogeneousphoto-oxidationwithhypochlorite . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.4 Heterogeneousphoto-oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.4.1 Mechanismofheterogeneousphotocatalysis(UV/TiO ) . . . 5 2 1.4.2 Immobilizationofthephotocatalyst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.4.3 Solarreactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.5 Thesisaimsandoutline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2 LPUV/NaOClprocessbasedonfluence 17 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.2 Basicconcepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3 Materialsandmethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.3.1 Experimentalapproach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.3.2 Photolysisandphoto-oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.3.3 Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 vii viii Contents 2.3.4 Fluencecalculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.4 Resultsanddiscussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.4.1 (cid:129)OHformationinNaOCl/UVandH O /UVprocesses . . . . 24 2 2 2.4.2 Theroleofthesodiumbicarbonatescavenger . . . . . . . . . 25 2.4.3 HAdegradationbyLPUV/NaOClwith&withoutbicarbonate 27 2.4.4 Chloroformdegradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.4.5 ChloroformandAOXlevelsformedbyUV/chlorineprocess . 31 2.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3 MPUV/NaOClversusLPUV/NaOCl 39 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.2 Basicconcepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.3 Experimentalmethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.3.1 Experimentalapproach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.3.2 Photolysisandfree-radicalreactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.3.3 Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.3.4 Thefree-radicaldosecalculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.3.5 Theabsorbedphotonicfluxcalculations . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.4 Resultsanddiscussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.4.1 HAdegradationbyUV/NaOClwith&withoutbicarbonate . . 47 3.4.2 Chloroformdegradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.4.3 ChloroformandAOXlevelsformedbyUV/NaOClprocess . . 51 3.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4 Wovenmeshphotocatalyst 59 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.2 Experimentalmethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.2.1 Experimentalapproach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.2.2 PreparationoftheimmobilizedTiO catalyst . . . . . . . . . 62 2 Contents ix 4.2.3 Treatmentofthecoatedfilms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.2.4 CharacterizationoftheTiO coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 2 4.2.5 Measurementsoftransmittedlightthroughthemeshstructure 64 4.2.6 Theoryandmodelequations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.2.7 Evaluationofphotocatalyticactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.2.8 Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.3 Resultsanddiscussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.3.1 Performanceandcharacterizationofcoatedmeshes . . . . . . 68 4.3.2 Lightdistributioninastructureofpackedmeshes . . . . . . . 73 4.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5 Fixed-bedsolarphotocatalyticreactor 85 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 5.2 Experimentalmethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.2.1 Experimentalapproach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.2.2 PreparationoftheimmobilizedTiO catalyst . . . . . . . . . 88 2 5.2.3 Fixedbedreactorandphotocatalyticactivityevaluation . . . . 88 5.2.4 AdsorptionexperimentsofHAinthedark . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5.2.5 Analyticalmethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5.2.6 Solarradiationevaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5.3 Resultsanddiscussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 5.3.1 AdsorptionbehaviorofHAoncoatedmeshes . . . . . . . . . 92 5.3.2 SolarphotocatalyticdegradationofHA . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 5.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 6 Degradationofatrazine 103 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 6.2 Materialsandmethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 6.2.1 PreparationoftheimmobilizedTiO catalyst . . . . . . . . . 104 2 x Contents 6.2.2 Adsorptionexperimentsinthedark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 6.2.3 Evaluationofphotocatalyticactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 6.2.4 Analyticalmethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 6.2.5 Photocatalystregenerationexperiments . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 6.3 Resultsanddiscussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 6.3.1 AdsorptionofatrazineonTiO coatedontomeshes . . . . . 107 2 6.3.2 Directphotolysisofatrazine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 6.3.3 Solarphotocatalyticdegradationofatrazine . . . . . . . . . . 109 6.3.4 Photocatalystregeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 6.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 7 Conclusionsandrecommendations 117 7.1 Homogeneousphoto-oxidation(UV/NaOCl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 7.2 Heterogeneousphoto-oxidation(solarlight/TiO ) . . . . . . . . . . . 119 2 7.3 Overallconclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 7.4 Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 7.4.1 Practicalrecommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 7.4.2 Experimentalrecommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Listofpublications 125 Acknowledgments 127 Abouttheauthor 131