AAA---PPPDDDFFF MMMEEERRRGGGEEERRR DDDEEEMMMOOO PIPELINE RULES of THUMB HANDBOOK Quick and Accurate Solutions to your E veryday pipeline problems E.W. McAllister, Editor AMSTERDAM BOSrON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEWYORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO EEXVIER Gulf Professional Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier Gulf Professional Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier. 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier's Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier Science homepage (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting "Customer Support" and then "Obtaining; Permissions." © Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pipeline rules of thumb handbook: quick and accurate solutions to your everyday pipeline problems/E.W. McAllister—6th ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-7506-7852-6 1. Pipelines—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. McAllister, E. W. TJ930.P535 2005 665.5/44—dc22 2004059768 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 0-7506-7852-6 For information on all Gulf Professional Publishing publications Visit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com 05 06 07 08 09 10 9 8 7 6 Printed in the United States of America 标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com 免费下载 Index Index terms Links A AC ammeter 248 AC voltages, induced, hazards of 246 Accounting fundamentals 612 Accuracy of instruments 553 Acoustic line break detectors 533 AGA formula to calculate orifice flow in field 516 Air, moisture content of 168 Alternating current, measuring unwanted 248 Amortization 592 Annuities 600 Annular sections, calculate pressure loss in 373 Anode material for offshore pipelines, estimating 222 Anodes, graphite 229 Anodes, magnesium 228 230 231 226 Anodes, sacrificial, group installation of 230 Antifreeze 13 API gravity, convert to specific gravity 346 API gravity of blends (chart) 343 ASTM standard viscosity temperature chart 670 Aude, T. R., formula for calculating pressure drop and flow rates 366 Avogadro's law 259 B Bare casing, number of magnesium anodes needed for protection to 230 Barrels per mile 355 Basic ultrasonic flow equations, derivation of 353 Batch injection rate as per enclosure, determine 376 Belts and shafts 11 Bend 43 93 Bending radius, minimum 128 Benjamin Miller formula for calculating pressure drop and flow rates 366 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation. 683 684 Index terms Links Blends 343 346 Blow-down system, determining throat pressure in 325 Boyle's law 258 Brake horsepower required to compress gas 309 Break-even point 623 Brush pig run 165 Btu, calculating 277 510 Bulk modulus, calculate 348 Buoyancy 106 C Cable 5 Calculations allowable working pressure 107 bends, length of 93 brake horsepower 309 Btu 277 510 bulk modulus 348 buoyancy 106 centrifugal compressor performance 299 contraction or expansion 104 floodlighting 135 gas flow 326 gas pipeline hydraulics 314 gas velocity in a pipeline 325 gas weight in a pipeline 327 hydraulics for multiphase systems 409 line loss using cross-sectional areas table when testing mains with air or gas 323 microwave hops on level ground 132 modeling 552 orifice flow in field 515 performance, for reciprocating compressors 291 pressure drop 365 385 pressure loss in annular sections 373 pressure and temperature loss for viscous crudes 373 Reynolds number 337 383 rubber hose, pressure drop for 365 specific gravity of a blend 346 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation. 标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com 免费下载 685 Index terms Links Calculations (Continued) speed torque 430 square root 671 stress 109 velocity 325 350 351 viscosity 344 348 weight 100 105 CALM system 360 Calorific values of gases, conversion factors for 676 Capacities of gas pipelines, comparative 319 Capacity increase to investment increase, relationship of 321 Capacity increases, crude oil and products lines for 395 Carbon dioxide, measurement of supercritical 485 Carbon ground bed 231 Cash flow diagrams 598 Cash flow problems 602 Cathodic protection 213 226 229 236 254 www.bzfxw.com 540 Centigrade to Fahrenheit conversion 666 Centrifugal compressors 299 625 Centrifugal pumps 418 444 Charles' law 258 Chemical cleaning 166 Chemicals, physical properties of selected (chart) 264 Coal-tar enamel, estimating 210 Coated lines, determining current requirements for 231 Coating defects 240 Coating materials, estimating 210 Coefficient of friction for coating materials 211 Coefficients (K), representative resistance, for valves and fittings 377 Comparative capacities of gas pipelines 319 Compressibility factor 162 297 Compressible fluids, calculating velocity of 350 Compression horsepower determination 295 Compressors 290 cost of 624 cylinder ills, diagnosing 298 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation. 686 Index terms Links Compressors (Continued) installation, estimating fuel requirements for 311 performance 303 reciprocating 291 Computer systems 538 550 Concrete 42 204 Condensed formula to calculate orifice flow in field 516 Conductor size conversion chart-Metric to AWG 137 Conduit size 128 Construction costs, estimating 581 Construction equipment 579 Contingency plan objectives in spills 570 572 Control systems 526 Control valve losses 448 selection 187 sizing formulas 178 www.bzfxw.com sizing for throughput 182 variable orifice rotary 196 Conversions density and liquid gravity (chart) 344 factors for Calorific values of gases 676 fuel 674 specific gravity to API gravity 346 viscosity units 346 Copper conductors in steel conduit, voltage drop 131 Copper wires, resistance and weight 132 Corrosion-caused metal loss 631 Corrosion control at compressor stations 237 Corrosion “hot spot”, and magnesium anodes 228 Cost estimating strategies 584 Costs of gas and alternate fuels, comparison of 681 Crossing bid, directional, guidelines for 77 Crude oil and products lines for capacity increases, how to size 395 stocks, vapor pressure of 661 systems, how to size lines, estimate pressure drop, and estimate station spacing for 395 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation. 标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com 免费下载 687 Index terms Links Crude oil (Continued) transmission lines, estimate the optimum working pressures in 395 viscosity, determining 342 viscous, calculate pressure and temperature loss for 373 Current, spacing of test leads to measure 229 Cylinders, sample, purges for 510 D Debt payments 592 Decimal hours conversion table 681 Decision tree analysis 608 Defect growth rates, influence of 628 Defect size, failure pressure versus 628 Dense phase ethylene, orifice meters in 491 Densitometers 535 Density conversion and liquid gravity (chart) 344 www.bzfxw.com liquid 658 660 and specific volume of gases and vapors, calculating 272 Depreciation 593 621 Derivation of basic ultrasonic flow equations 353 Detectors, acoustic line break 533 Diesel and electric prime movers, cost comparison of 618 Diesel and natural gas, cost comparison of 617 Discharge, estimate rate of 392 Discharge pressure, estimating horsepower required to pump at a given rate 455 Discharge rate, velocity heads for various pipe diameters and (table) 357 Ditching 41 Drag-reducing agents 389 E Economic study, components of 592 Elbows, how to cut 23 Electrical design 118 Electrical formulas 127 Electric generators, portable 121 Electric power conductors, determining most economical size for 131 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation. 688 Index terms Links Ells with tangents, dimensions of 112 Energy conversions 320 673 678 Energy measurement equipment, considerations for selecting 273 Engine cooling water requirements, estimating 310 Engineering constants 679 Engine starter, air receiver for 28 English to metric conversions 665 Equations (see Calculations and Formulas) Equivalent length 318 370 Ethylene, dense phase, orifice meters in 491 Ethylene decomposition 170 Excavations, angle of repose for 27 F Fahrenheit to centigrade conversion 666 Failure pressure versus defect size 628 Fatigue crack growth 631 www.bzfxw.com Federal income tax 593 Financial projects, decision and evaluation criteria for 603 Fittings and valves 377 Flanged fittings, how to identify series number of 112 Flanges, bolting dimensions for 18 Floodlighting 135 Flow conversion chart 673 of fuel gases 324 measurement 477 528 meter, multiphase 476 multiphase 332 rates, calculating pressure drop and 365 rates, natural gas, estimate 508 Fluids, compressible, calculating velocity of 350 Formulas areas of two-dimensional forms 3 Aude, T. R. 366 electrical 127 132 fluid power 34 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation. 标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com 免费下载 689 Index terms Links Formulas (Continued) Hazen-Williams 366 Miller, Benjamin 366 orifice flow 516 pressure drop and flow rate 365 rate of return 2 surfaces and volumes of solids 4 Shell/MIT 365 tubular goods 103 valve sizing 178 Weymouth's gas-flow 329 Fuel conversions 674 gas line for a compressor station, size of 309 gases, flow of 324 load currents 127 130 oils, typical characteristics of 682 requirements for comprewssor inwstallatwion, es.timatibng zfxw.com311 requirements for internal combustion engines, estimating 310 Future value 598 600 G Gas and alternate fuels, cost comparison of 681 chromatograph 275 conversion factors for 676 flow 326 328 in a given line section, determining 318 industry terms glossary 285 laws 258 lines 318 measurement 491 metering run, sizing 509 properties 260 264 system, low-pressure, determining pressure loss for 316 transmission lines 321 and vapors 272 502 weight, calculation for 327 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation. 690 Index terms Links Gas pipelines estimating average pressure in 327 estimating comparative capacities of 319 hydraulics calculations 314 Gathering lines, gas, determining size of 320 Glossary of gas industry terms 285 Gradients, economic 601 Gradients, hydraulic 367 Graphite anodes 229 Graphite ground bed, in rectifier 231 Gravity API, of blends (chart) 343 API, convert to specific gravity 346 liquid, and density conversion (chart) 344 specific, of a blend, calculate 346 specific, convert to API gravity 346 Ground bed resistance, calculating (chart) 225 www.bzfxw.com H Hazardous locations 119 Hazen-Williams formula for calculating pressure drop and flow rates 366 Headers for meter stations 522 Head loss due to friction, determining 394 Heat exchanger, magnesium rod used for cathodic protection 229 Heat value conversions 677 Hex nuts, dimensions of 26 High voltage direct current (see HVDC) Holes, estimate leakage amount through 356 Horsepower brake, required to compress gas 309 of compressors, cost of (chart) 624 625 for pumping units, chart 133 per ampere for induction motors, table 133 required to compress natural gas, estimating 308 requirement of pumps 455 458 selection chart 309 Hose string, pressure loss in 363 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation. 标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com 免费下载