Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture 3rd Edition Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture 3rd Edition Edited by Richard A. Sikora INRES, University of Bonn, Germany Danny Coyne IITA, Nairobi, Kenya Johannes Hallmann JKI, Münster, Germany Patricia Timper USDA, Tifton, Georgia, USA CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI CABI Nosworthy Way 745 Atlantic Avenue Wallingford 8th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Boston, MA 02111 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 (617)682-9015 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International and USDA, 2018. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Sikora, Richard A., editor. Title: Plant parasitic nematodes in subtropical and tropical agriculture / edited by Richard A. Sikora, Danny Coyne, Johannes Hallmann, Patricia Timper. Description: 3rd edition. | Boston, MA : CABI, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017047194 (print) | LCCN 2017050991 (ebook) | ISBN 9781786391254 (pdf) | ISBN 9781786391261 (ePub) | ISBN 9781786391247 (hardback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Plant nematodes--Tropics. Classification: LCC SB998.N4 (ebook) | LCC SB998.N4 P582 2018 (print) | DDC 632/.6257--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017047194 ISBN-13: 978 1 78639 124 7 (hbk) 978 1 78639 125 4 (PDF) 978 1 78639 126 1 (ePub) Commissioning editor: Rachael Russell Associate editor: Alexandra Lainsbury Production editor: Marta Patiño Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in the UK by Bell and Bain Ltd, Glasgow Contents Contributors vii About the Editors xi Foreword xvii Acknowledgements xix Dedication xxi 1 Reflections and Challenges: Nematology in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture 1 Richard A. Sikora, Danny Coyne, Johannes Hallmann and Patricia Timper 2 Identification, Morphology and Biology of Plant Parasitic Nematodes 20 David J. Hunt, Juan E. Palomares-Rius and Rosa H. Manzanilla-López 3 Nematode Ecology and Soil Health 62 Sara Sánchez-Moreno and Howard Ferris 4 Methods for Extraction, Processing and Detection of Plant and Soil Nematodes 87 Johannes Hallmann and Sergei A. Subbotin 5 Nematode Parasites of Rice 120 Deliang Peng, Hari S. Gaur and John Bridge 6 Nematode Parasites of Cereals 163 Abdelfattah A. Dababat and Hendrika Fourie 7 Nematode Parasites of Potato and Sweet Potato 222 Björn Niere and Hannah Wangari Karuri 8 Nematode Parasites of Tropical Root and Tuber Crops (Excluding Potatoes) 252 Danny Coyne and Antoine Affokpon 9 Nematode Parasites of Food Legumes 290 Richard A. Sikora, Biodun Claudius-Cole and Edward J. Sikora v vi Contents 10 Nematode Parasites of Vegetables 346 Johannes Hallmann and Beira H. Meressa 11 Nematode Parasites of Groundnut 411 Patricia Timper, Don W. Dickson and Sonia Steenkamp 12 Nematode Parasites of Citrus 446 Ebrahim Shokoohi and Larry W. Duncan 13 Nematode Parasites of Subtropical and Tropical Fruit Tree Crops 477 J. Alfonso Cabrera and Fahiem E. El-Borai 14 Nematode Parasites of Coconut and other Palms 504 Reginald Griffith, Robin M. Giblin-Davis, P.K. Koshy, V.K. Sosamma and Natsumi Kanzaki 15 Nematode Parasites of Coffee and Cocoa 536 Luc Villain, Sônia M. Lima Salgado and Phap Q. Trinh 16 Nematode Parasites of Tea 584 Nalini C. Gnanapragasam and Keerthi M. Mohotti 17 Nematode Parasites of Bananas and Plantains 617 Richard Sikora, Danny Coyne and Patrick Quénéhervé 18 Nematode Parasites of Sugarcane 658 Prabashnie Vengetsamy Ramouthar and Shamsul Arafin Bhuiyan 19 Nematode Parasites of Tobacco 687 Charles S. Johnson and Cleopas Chinheya 20 Nematode Parasites of Pineapple 717 Brent S. Sipes and Buncha Chinnasri 21 Nematode Parasites of Cotton and other Tropical Fibre Crops 738 Richard F. Davis, Rafael Galbieri and Guilherme L. Asmus 22 Nematode Parasites of Spices and Medicinal Plants 755 Santhosh J. Eapen and Rakesh Pandey 23 Management Practices: An Overview of Integrated Nematode Management Technologies 795 Richard A. Sikora and Philip A. Roberts Appendix – Plant Parasitic Nematode Genera and Species Cited 839 David J. Hunt Index 853 Contributors Antoine Affokpon, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin. E-mail: [email protected] Shamsul Arafin Bhuiyan, Sugar Research Australia, 90 Old Cove Road, Woodford, Qld 4514, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] Guilherme L. Asmus, EMBRAPA-CPAO, Caixa Postal 449, Cep: 79804-970, Dourados, MS, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] John Bridge, Old Station House, 1 Bridlington Road, Hunmanby, Filey, North Yorkshire Y0140LR, UK. E-mail: [email protected] J. Alfonso Cabrera, Bayer U.S., CropScience Division, Product Development North America, 2491 Alluvial Avenue, Suite 64, Clovis, California 93611, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Cleopas Chinheya, Tobacco Research Board of Zimbabwe, Kutsaga Research Station, Airport Ring Road, PO Box 1909, Harare, Zimbabwe. E-mail: [email protected] Buncha Chinnasri, Department of Plant Pathology, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. E-mail: [email protected] Biodun Claudius-Cole, Phytopathology Unit, Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected] Danny Coyne, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o icipe, Kasarani, PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. E-mail: [email protected] Abdelfattah A. Dababat, CIMMYT, P.K. 39 06511, Emek/Ankara, Turkey. E-mail: A.Dababat@ cgiar.org Richard F. Davis, United States Department of Agriculture, Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, PO Box 748, Tifton, GA 31793, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Don W. Dickson, Entomology and Nematology Department, Building 970, Natural Area Drive, PO Box 110620, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0620, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Larry W. Duncan, University of Florida, IFAS, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experi- ment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Santhosh J. Eapen, Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices, Kozhikode – 673 012, Kerala, India. E-mail: [email protected] Fahiem E. El-Borai, University of Florida, IFAS, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; Plant Protection Department, El-Zagazig Uni- versity, Egypt. E-mail: [email protected] Howard Ferris, University of California Davis, Department of Entomology and Nematology, 265, 259G Robbins Hall, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA. E-mail: [email protected] vii viii Contributors Hendrika Fourie, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Private Bag X6001, Potchef- stroom, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected] Rafael Galbieri, Instituto Mato-grossense do Algodão – IMA, Primavera do Leste-MT, CEP 78.850.000 caixa postal 149, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] Hari S. Gaur, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India. E-mail: [email protected] Robin M. Giblin-Davis, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida/ IFAS, 3205 College Avenue, Davie, FL 33314, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Nalini C. Gnanapragasam, 39/11 Rubberwatte Road, Nikape, Dehiwella, Colombo, Sri Lanka. E-mail: [email protected] Reginald Griffith, Formerly affiliated with Coconut Research, Ministry of Food Production, Marine Exploitation, Central Experiment Station, Centeno, Via Arima PO, Trinidad, West Indies. Johannes Hallmann, Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Toppheideweg 88, 48161 Münster, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] David J. Hunt, CABI Europe-UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK. E-mail: D.hunt@ cabi.org Charles S. Johnson, Southern Piedmont AREC, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2375 Darvills Road, Blackstone, VA 23824, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Natsumi Kanzaki, Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 68 Nagaikyutaroh Momoyama, Fushimi, Kyoto, 612-0855, Japan. E-mail: [email protected] Hannah Wangari Karuri, University of Embu, Department of Biological Sciences, PO Box 6, 60100, Embu, Kenya. E-mail: [email protected] P.K. Koshy, Formerly affiliated with Division of Nematology, Central Plantation Crops Research In- stitute, Regional Station, Krishnapuram-690533, Kayangulam, Kerala, India. Rosa H. Manzanilla-López, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico N acional, Calle CEPROBI no. 8, Yautepec, Morelos, C.P. 6273, Mexico. E-mail: [email protected] Beira H. Meressa, Department of Horticulture and Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Vet- erinary Medicine, Jimma University, PO Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia. E-mail: [email protected] Keerthi M. Mohotti, Tea Research Institute of Sri Lanka, St Coombs, Talawakelle 22100, Sri Lanka. E-mail: [email protected] Björn Niere, Julius Kühn Institute Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland, Messeweg 11/12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] Juan E. Palomares-Rius, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004-Córdoba, Spain. E-mail: [email protected] Rakesh Pandey, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP-CSIR), PO CIMAP, Lucknow (U.P.)-226 015, India. E-mail: [email protected] Deliang Peng, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China. E-mail: [email protected] Patrick Quénéhervé, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD, Campus Agro-Environnemental Caraïbe, BP 214 - 97285 Le Lamentin Cedex 2, Martinique. E-mail: [email protected] Prabashnie Vengetsamy Ramouthar, South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe, 4300, Durban, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected] Philip A. Roberts, Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521- 0415, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Sônia Maria de Lima Salgado, Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais/EPAMIG-Sul, CP 176, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] Sara Sánchez-Moreno, Unidad de Productos Fitosanitarios – DTEVPF, Instituto Nacional de Inves- tigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Crta. Coruña km 7,5, 28040 Madrid, Spain. E-mail: [email protected] Ebrahim Shokoohi, North-West University, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, 11 Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected] Contributors ix Edward J. Sikora, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Richard A. Sikora, University of Bonn, Faculty of Agriculture, INRES-Phytomedizin, Nussallee 9, 53115 Bonn, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] Brent S. Sipes, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, Room St John 309A, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. E-mail: [email protected] V.K. Sosamma, Formerly affiliated with Division of Nematology, Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Regional Station, Krishnapuram-690533, Kayangulam, Kerala, India. Sonia Steenkamp, ARC – Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected] Sergei A. Subbotin, Plant Pest Diagnostics Center, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832-1448, USA; Center of Parasitology, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Leninskii prospect 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia. E-mail: sergei. [email protected] Patricia Timper, USDA ARS Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, PO Box 748, Tifton, GA 31793, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Phap Quang Trinh, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam. E-mail: [email protected] Luc Villain, CIRAD, UMR IPME, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France. E-mail: luc. [email protected]