CriticalStudiesintheHistoryofAnthropology SeriesEditors:RegnaDarnell,StephenO.Murray Ruth Landes Sally Cole Ruth Landes A Life in Anthropology UniversityofNebraskaPress:Lincoln&London ©bytheBoardofRegentsof theUniversityofNebraska(cid:4) Allrightsreserved.Manufactured intheUnitedStatesofAmerica PermissiontoquotefromRuth Benedict’sandMargaretMead’s correspondencewithRuthLandes hasbeengrantedbytheInsti- tuteforInterculturalStudies,Inc., NewYork.Permissiontoquote fromMelvilleJ.Herskovits’scor- respondencewithRuthLandes andGuyJohnsonhasbeengranted byDr.JeanHerskovits.Permis- siontoquotefromRuthLandes’s personalcorrespondencehas beengrantedbyLambrosComitas, LiteraryExecutor. BookdesignbyRichardEckersley. TypesetinEnschedéTrinité LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Cole,SallyCooper,– RuthLandes:alifeinanthropology/SallyCole. p. cm.–(Criticalstudiesinthehistoryofanthropology) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ---(cloth:alkalinepaper) .Landes,Ruth,– .Anthropologists–United States–Biography. .Womenanthropologists. .Title. .Series. . '.–dc [[]]  ToMyParents JeanMurrayColeandAlfredCooperCole Contents ListofIllustrations viii SeriesEditors’Introduction ix Acknowledgments xv Introduction  PartOne:Beginnings  ImmigrantDaughter   NewWoman   StudentatColumbia  PartTwo:ApprenticeshipinNativeAmericanWorlds Prologue   MaggieWilsonandOjibwaWomen’s Stories   LustyShamansintheMidwest  PartThree:She-BullinBrazil’sChinaCloset Prologue   FieldworkinBrazil   WritingAfro-BrazilianCulturein NewYork   TheEarlyEthnographyofRaceand Gender  Conclusion:LifeandCareer  Notes  Bibliography  Index     followingpage . RuthLandes, . Ruth’sparents . JosephSchlossberg,Ruth,and‘‘Mattie’’ . AnnaGrossman,Ruth,and‘‘Mattie’’ . BrookwoodSchoolgraduation, . Ruth,summer . RuthBenedict . RuthatRedLake, . MaggieWilson . WillRogers . Inthegarden,MuseuNacionaldeRiodeJaneiro . Sabina’sfestadeIemanja,Bahia . AFestadaLavagemdoBonfim,Bahia . EdisonCarneiro . E.S.Imes . RuthinLondon, . RuthinLosAngeles, Series Editors’ Introduction I   ininterestingtimesisacurse,itwasonethatbeset RuthLandes(néeSchlossberg).Asanunconventionalpartici- pantobserverofAfro-BraziliancultureandaJewinanincreas- ingly Nazi-sympathizing Brazil during the s, she made the timesinthatplacestillmoreinteresting.Inmanywaysherstayin BrazilbeforeWorldWarIIresembledthatoftheIngridBergman characterduringthewarinAlfredHitchcock’sclassicfilmNotorious. Landeswasbrandedas‘‘notorious’’fornonmaritalsexualrelations (andfor‘‘betraying’’herclassandraceinassociatingwiththeblack ‘‘lower orders’’). There were spies and wild accusations of spying (theseledtoLandes’sexpulsionfromBrazil).Shehadasuaveand romantic champion (a darker Cary Grant type), and her enemies tendedtobeconnectedtolocalNazisandNazisympathizers. AftertheveryinterestingtimeinBrazilLandeshadalongafter- life as a marginal anthropologist, not securing a stable position until,threefulldecadesafterearningherPh.D.fromColum- biaUniversity,andthenatwhatsheconsideredaCanadianback- water(McMasterUniversityinHamilton,Ontario).AsSallyCole’s perceptive and massively researched biography shows, being a woman in a man’s world was less of a problem for Landes than underestimating the will to dominance of those whom she sup- posedwereonthesamesideasshe,otherinter–WorldWarstudents ofFranzBoas. NotjustLandes’sfieldresultsbutalsoherlivingamonghersub- jects and doing participant observation in Afro-Brazilian Bahia challengedthepatronizingBrazilianauthorityon‘‘Negroes,’’Artur Ramos, who never got his hands dirty visiting the slums. Ramos was allied with American anthropologist Melville J. Herskovits, who was claiming for himself paramount authority for identify- ingwhatwasAfricanintheculturesof‘‘thenewWorldNegro’’and