Scriptural Allusions and Exegesis in the Hodayot Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah Editor Florentino García Martínez QumranInstitute,UniversityofGroningen AssociateEditors Peter W. Flint – Eibert J.C. Tigchelaar VOLUMELIX Scriptural Allusions and Exegesis in the Hodayot By Julie A. Hughes BRILL LEIDEN·BOSTON 2006 Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Hughes,Julie,1950– ScripturalallusionsandexegesisintheHodayot/byJulieHughes. p.cm.—(StudiesonthetextsofthedesertofJudah,ISSN0169-9962;v.59) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindexes. ISBN90-04-14739-X(alk.paper) 1.ThanksgivingPsalms.2.BibleO.T.-Criticism,interpretation,etc.,Jewish. 3.Allusionsinliterature.I.ThanksgivingPsalms.English&Hebrew.Selections.II.Title. III.Series. BM488.T5H842006 296.1’55–dc22 2005058217 ISSN 0169-9962 ISBN 900414739X ©Copyright2006byKoninklijkeBrillNV,Leiden,TheNetherlands. KoninklijkeBrillNVincorporatestheimprintsBrillAcademicPublishers, MartinusNijhoffPublishersandVSP. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,translated,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic, mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutpriorwritten permissionfromthepublisher. Authorizationtophotocopyitemsforinternal orpersonaluseisgrantedbyBrillprovidedthat theappropriatefeesarepaiddirectlytoTheCopyright ClearanceCenter,222RosewoodDrive,Suite910 Danvers,MA01923,USA. Feesaresubjecttochange. printedinthenetherlands ToRay, BethandAndy, themostimportantpeopleinmylife; andtoChristine,becauseshelistened. CONTENTS Acknowledgments .................................................... xi Abbreviations ......................................................... xiii I.TheHodayot:ABriefOverviewofStudiestoDate.............. 1 1. Introduction........................................................ 1 2. 1QHaandEarlyHodayotScholarship............................ 2 3. TheReconstructionandRe-Ordering of1QHa.................. 5 3.1.ExcursusonNumberingSystems ............................ 7 4. TheOtherHodayotManuscripts................................. 9 5. ASurveyofSignificant Studies ................................... 12 5.1.TextualStudies................................................ 12 5.2.EarlyViewsonGenreandSitzimLeben...................... 12 5.3.Author......................................................... 14 5.4.Prosody........................................................ 17 5.5.GenreandSitzimLebenRevisited ............................ 21 5.6.ANewandDistinctiveApproachbyCarolNewsom ....... 24 5.6.1.CommunityHymns.................................... 27 5.6.2.HodayotoftheLeader................................. 30 5.6.3.DifferencesandAreas ofCommonInterest .......... 33 6. ObjectivesofThisStudy .......................................... 34 II.Methodology ...................................................... 35 1. Introduction........................................................ 35 2. SelectionofPassages............................................... 35 3. HowDoesOneStudyPoetry? .................................... 36 3.1.Terminology................................................... 38 3.2.Metre,ParallelismandStructuralIndicators................ 39 4. HowDoesOneStudyAllusions? ................................. 41 4.1.DefinitionofanAllusion ..................................... 42 4.1.1.Quotation............................................... 42 4.1.2.Allusion................................................. 44 4.1.3.Idiom ................................................... 46 4.1.4.FromAuthortoReader................................ 48 viii contents 4.2.IdentificationofAllusions..................................... 50 4.2.1.ProposedCriteria ...................................... 52 4.3.TheFunctionofAllusions.................................... 54 5. HowDoesOneReadTexts?...................................... 55 5.1.Intertextuality ................................................. 56 5.2.Reader-Orientated Approaches.............................. 57 6. OutlineofMethod................................................. 58 6.1.DelimitationandText ........................................ 59 6.2.Translation .................................................... 59 6.3.AnalysisofStructure.......................................... 60 6.4.CloseReading................................................. 61 6.5.Allusions....................................................... 61 6.6.Intertexts ...................................................... 62 6.7.ObservationsandComments ................................ 62 III.TwoDualisticPoems............................................. 63 1. Introduction........................................................ 63 2. TwoWays: 1QHaVII21–VIII?................................... 63 2.1.DelimitationandText ........................................ 64 2.2.Translation .................................................... 66 2.3.AnalysisofStructure.......................................... 68 2.4.CloseReading................................................. 71 2.5.Allusions....................................................... 78 2.5.1.AMeditationonJeremiah............................. 81 2.6.Intertexts ...................................................... 82 2.6.1.CreationandDestiny .................................. 82 2.6.2.Jer10:23................................................. 87 2.6.3.TwoWays............................................... 89 2.6.4.IsThereanUnderlyingExegesis?..................... 91 2.7.ObservationsandComments ................................ 93 3. “I”and“They”:1QHaXII6–XIII6............................. 95 3.1.DelimitationandText ........................................ 96 3.2.Translation .................................................... 98 3.3.AnalysisofStructure.......................................... 102 3.4.Closereading.................................................. 105 3.4.1.TheSpeakerandhisEnemies......................... 105 3.4.2.TheSpeakerandhisGod ............................. 116 3.5.Allusions....................................................... 118 3.5.1.CorrectandIncorrectInterpretationofTorah....... 119 3.5.2.APrayerofConfessionandCommitment............ 124 contents ix 3.6.Intertexts ...................................................... 125 3.6.1.SpokesmenofErrorandPlotsofBelial............... 126 3.6.2.What isFlesh?.......................................... 129 3.7.ObservationsandComments ................................ 132 IV.APoeminThreeMovements.................................... 135 1. Introduction........................................................ 135 2. SustainedArtistry:1QHaXVI5–XVII36........................ 135 2.1.DelimitationandText ........................................ 136 2.2.Translation .................................................... 140 2.3.AnalysisofStructure.......................................... 147 2.4.CloseReading................................................. 150 2.4.1.TheSecretGardenTendedbytheSpeaker .......... 150 2.4.2.TheAfflictedTeacher.................................. 159 2.4.3.GodtheCompassionateJudge andParent ........... 163 2.5.Allusions....................................................... 167 2.5.1.Preparation............................................. 168 2.5.2.Testing.................................................. 171 2.5.3.Vindication............................................. 172 2.6.Intertexts ...................................................... 174 2.6.1.AnotherLongHodayahanditsSequel............... 174 2.6.2.GardenImagery........................................ 178 2.6.3.SufferingandVindication ............................. 181 2.7.ObservationsandComments ................................ 182 V.TwoEschatologicalPoems ........................................ 185 1. Introduction........................................................ 185 2. ThreeImagesofDistress:1QHaXI6–19......................... 185 2.1.DelimitationandText ........................................ 186 2.2.Translation .................................................... 187 2.3.Analysisofstructure .......................................... 189 2.3.1.RepetitionsandWordplays ............................ 192 2.4.CloseReading................................................. 194 2.5.Allusions....................................................... 200 2.6.Intertexts ...................................................... 205 2.7.ObservationsandComments ................................ 206 3. FromtheDepthstotheHeights:1QHaXI20–37: ............... 207 3.1.DelimitationandText ........................................ 208 3.2.Translation .................................................... 209 3.3.AnalysisofStructure.......................................... 211