SUSTAINABLEENERGYTECHNOLOGIES Sustainable Energy Technologies Options and Prospects Editedby K. HANJALIC´ DelftUniversityofTechnologyand MarieCurieChair,DepartmentofMechanicsandAeronautics, UniversityofRome“LaSapienza”,Rome,Italy R. VAN DEKROL DepartmentDelftChemTech/Energy, DelftUniversityofTechnology, Delft,TheNetherlands and A. LEKIC´ FacultyofMechanicalEngineering, UniversityofSarajevo, Sarajevo,BosniaandHerzegovina AC.I.P.CataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. ISBN978-1-4020-6723-5(HB) ISBN978-1-4020-6724-2(e-book) PublishedbySpringer, P.O.Box17,3300AADordrecht,TheNetherlands. www.springer.com NASAownstherightstothecoverimage.TheVisibleEarthlocationwherethisimagecanbe foundishttp://veimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/1438/earth_lights_lrg.jpg Printedonacid-freepaper Library of Congress Control Number: 2007941159 AllRightsReserved ©2008Springer Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recording orotherwise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher,withtheexception ofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingentered andexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework. Table of Contents Preface vii ListofContributors ix AbbreviationsandAcronyms xiii Introduction xvii PartI NewandSustainableEnergyConversionandStorageTechnologies 1.WorldThirstforEnergy:HowtoFacetheChallenge 3 M.CombarnousandJ.-F.Bonnet 2.SustainabilityConceptForEnergy,WaterandEnvironmentalSystems 25 N.H.Afgan 3.EfficientProductionandUseofEnergy:NovelEnergyRationing TechnologiesinRussia 51 S.V.Alekseenko 4.PerspectivesonWindEnergy 75 G.vanKuik,B.UmmelsandR.Hendriks 5.PhotovoltaicCellsforSustainableEnergy 99 A.J.McEvoyandM.Gra¨tzel 6.Photo-ElectrochemicalProductionofHydrogen 121 R.vandeKrolandJ.Schoonman v vi TableofContents 7.DistributedEnergyGeneration,TheFuelCellandItsHybridSystems 143 K.Suzuki†,H.YoshidaandH.Iwai 8.CurrentInternationalInitiativesforSustainableNuclearEnergy 159 D.G.Cacuci 9.SafetyinNuclearPower:AProposal 177 M.Cumo 10.CO EmissionsMitigationfromPowerGenerationUsingCapture 2 Technologies 195 P.Mathieu 11.CleanandEfficientCoalTechnologyIntegratedwithCO 2 SequestrationandHydrogenEnergySystem 207 K.Okazaki 12.AdvancedSteamGeneratorConceptsforOxy-FuelProcesses 227 H.Spliethoff PartII InitiativesinSouth-EastEurope 13.CO MitigationOptionsforRetrofittingGreekLow-QualityCoal-Fired 2 PowerPlants 239 E.Kakaras,A.Doukelis,D.GiannakopoulosandA.Koumanakos 14.RenewableEnergySourcesinSlovenia:FactsandPlans 251 U.Lavrencˇicˇ SˇtangarandE.Kranjcˇevicˇ 15.EnergyWoodChainsinBulgaria 261 P.Stankov,D.MladenovandK.Stanchev 16.EnergyEfficiencyinSerbia:ResearchandDevelopmentActivities 281 S.N.Oka 17.EnergySectorinMacedonia:CurrentStatusandPlans 303 B.Donevski 18.EnergySectorinBosniaandHerzegovina:CurrentStatusandPlans 321 A.Lekic´ Index 331 Preface In pursuit of feasible near-future sustainable and environmentally acceptable en- ergysolutionstospecificneedsandbasedontheavailable–oftenspecificandlim- ited – resources as pertinent to many smaller transitional countries, the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina in cooperation with Dubrovnik Inter-UniversityCentre inviteda panelof expertsto presentand discuss the state- of-the-art in the developmentof new energy technologies at a conference held in Dubrovnik,Croatia,on23–25September2006.Up-to-datereviewsofthestatusand prospectsof differentoptionsin energyconversionand storage technologieswere presentedbysomeof theworldleadingauthorities–membersofthenationaland internationalacademiesofsciences,directorsofinstitutes,directorsofnationaland international(EU)energyprogrammesandacademicsfromBelgium,France,Ger- many,Italy,Japan,theNetherlands,PortugalandSwitzerland.Thearticlescovered newcleanandzero-emissioncoaltechnologies,solar,wind,nuclear,fuelcells,hy- drogen and hybridtechnologies, accompaniedby treatises on the challenge of in- creasingglobalenergyneedsandconsumption,issuesofsustainability,andonef- ficientproductionanduseofenergybasedonmodernrationingtechnologies.This overview was complemented by several regional surveys of needs, resources and priorities, as well as specific initiatives towards meeting future energy objectives, pursuedinseveralcountriesinSouth-EasternEurope. This volume has grown out of (but is not confined to) extended and revised invited articles presented at the Dubrovnik conference under the auspices of the AcademyofSciencesandArtsofBosniaandHerzegovina.Thebookaimsatprovid- ing informationand guidanceto engineersand plannersin energysector,employ- ees in energy utility companies, various levels of governmentalorganizationsand offices.Itisalsointendedtoserveasagraduate-leveltextbooktomeetgrowingde- mandfornewcoursesinalternative,renewableandsustainableenergytechnologies attechnicalandgeneraluniversities. The Editors would like to thank the contributors for their effort to provide up-to-daterevisedandextendedmanuscriptsfor thisvolume.Thanksare also due to the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, for initiating, vii viii Preface sponsoring and organizing the conference in Dubrovnik in September 2006, and to the Inter-University Centre in Dubrovnik for its support. We thank Professor JoopSchoonmanfromtheDelftUniversityofTechnologyforprovidinginvaluable advice in selecting and inviting experts in renewable energy technologies. Our appreciationsgoalsotoAmraAvdagic´andDanicaRadic´fortheskilfulorganisation of the Conference, and to Gina Landor for her assistance in the editing of this volume. June2007 TheEditors List of Contributors NAIM HAMDIA AFGAN Member of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, UNESCOChairHolder,TechnicalUniversityofLisbon,Lisbon,Portugal, [email protected] SERGEY V. ALEKSEENKO Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the In- stituteofThermophysics,SiberianBranchofRAS,1LavrentyevAv.,Novosibirsk 630090,Russia [email protected] JEAN-FRANC¸OIS BONNET LaboratoireTREFLE,ENSAM,UniversityofBordeaux1,Bordeaux,France [email protected] MICHEL COMBARNOUS CorrespondingMemberoftheFrenchAcademyofSciences,LaboratoireTREFLE, ENSAM,UniversityofBordeaux1,Bordeaux,France/UniversityofGabes,Tunisia [email protected] DAN GABRIEL CACUCI Honorary Member of the European Academy of Arts and Sciences and of the Romanian Academy, University of Karlsruhe, Germany/Commissariata` l’Energie Atomique(CEA), Directionde l’EnergieNucle´aire (DEN)CEA Saclay, Baˆt. 121, 91191GifsurYvetteCedex,France [email protected] MAURIZIO CUMO MemberoftheNationalItalianAcademyofSciences(“theForty”),Departmentof NuclearEngineeringandEnergyConversions,UniversityofRome“LaSapienza”, CorsoVittorioEmanueleII244,00186Rome,Italy [email protected] ix x ListofContributors BOZIN DONEVSKI FacultyofTechnicalSciences,UniversitySt.KlimentOhridski,P.O.Box99,7000 Bitola,Macedonia [email protected] AGGELOSDOUKELIS LaboratoryofSteamBoilersandThermalPlants,NationalTechnicalUniversityof Athens,HeroonPolytechniou9,15780Athens,Greece [email protected] DIONYSIOS GIANNAKOPOULOS LaboratoryofSteamBoilersandThermalPlants,NationalTechnicalUniversityof Athens,HeroonPolytechniou9,15780Athens,Greece [email protected] MICHAEL GRA¨TZEL HonoraryMemberoftheSocie´te´ VaudoisedesSciencesNaturelles,Laboratoryfor Photonics & Interfaces, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fe´de´rale deLausanne,CH-1015Lausanne,Switzerland michael.graetzel@epfl.ch KEMALHANJALIC´ Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (UK), Member of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Emeritus Professor of Delft UniversityofTechnology,TheNetherlands,andMarieCurieChair,Departmentof Mechanics and Aeronautics, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Via Eudossiana 18,00161Rome,Italy [email protected] RALPH HENDRIKS Delft University Wind Energy Research Institute DUWIND, Kluyverweg 1, 2629HSDelft,TheNetherlands [email protected] HIROSHI IWAI Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan [email protected] EMMANOUIL KAKARAS LaboratoryofSteamBoilersandThermalPlants,NationalTechnicalUniversityof Athens,HeroonPolytechniou9,15780Athens,Greece [email protected] ListofContributors xi ANTONIOS KOUMANAKOS LaboratoryofSteamBoilersandThermalPlants,NationalTechnicalUniversityof Athens,HeroonPolytechniou9,15780Athens,Greece [email protected] EVALD KRANJCˇEVICˇ Energy Efficiency Centre, Jozˇef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia [email protected] URSˇKA LAVRENCˇICˇ SˇTANGAR LaboratoryforEnvironmentalResearch, Universityof Nova Gorica,Vipavska 13, 5000NovaGorica,Slovenia [email protected] ALIJA LEKIC´ MemberoftheAcademyofSciencesandArtsofBosniaandHerzegovina,Faculty of MechanicalEngineering,University of Sarajevo, Vilsonovo 9, 71000Sarajevo, BosniaandHerzegovina [email protected];[email protected] PHILIPPE MATHIEU Department of Aeronautics and Mechanical Engineering, Power Generation, UniversityofLie`ge,ChemindesChevreuils,1,B52/3,4000Lie`ge,Belgium [email protected] AUGUSTIN J. MCEVOY LaboratoryforPhotonics&Interfaces,FacultyofBasic Sciences,EcolePolytech- niqueFe´de´raledeLausanne,CH-1015Lausanne,Switzerland [email protected] DIMITAR MLADENOV President,EnergyUtilisationAssociation,33BakstonBlv.,Sofia,Bulgaria d [email protected] SIMEON N. OKA Director of the NationalEnergyEfficiencyProgramof the Ministry of Science of RepublicofSerbia,FormerScientificAdvisoroftheInstituteforNuclearSciences Vincˇa,Belgrade,Serbia,Gandijeva49b/11,11070NoviBeograd,Serbia [email protected] KEN OKAZAKI DepartmentofMechanicalandControlEngineering,TokyoInstituteofTechnology (TokyoTech)O-okayama,Meguro-ku,Tokyo152-8552,Japan [email protected]