The Age of Wonder How the Romantic Generation discovered the Beauty and Terror of Science Richard Holmes To Jon Cook at Radio Flatlands Two things fill my mind with ever new and increasing wonder and awe, the more often and persistently I reflect upon them: the starry heaven above me and the moral law within me…I see them in front of me and unite them immediately with the consciousness of my own existence. IMMANUEL KANT, Critique of Practical Reason (1788) He thought about himself, and the whole Earth, Of Man the wonderful, and of the Stars, And how the deuce they ever could have birth; And then he thought of Earthquakes, and of Wars, How many miles the Moon might have in girth, Of Air-balloons, and of the many bars To perfect Knowledge of the boundless Skies; And then he thought of Donna Julia’s eyes. BYRON, Don Juan (1819), Canto 1, stanza 92 Those to whom the harmonious doors Of Science have unbarred celestial stores… WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, ‘Lines Additional to an Evening Walk’ (1794) Nothing is so fatal to the progress of the human mind as to suppose our views of science are ultimate; that there are no mysteries in nature; that our triumphs are complete; and that there are no new worlds to conquer. HUMPHRY DAVY, lecture (1810) I shall attack Chemistry, like a Shark. SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE, letter (1800) …Then felt I like some watcher of the skies When a new planet swims into his ken; Or like stout Cortez when with wond’ring eyes He stared at the Pacific… JOHN KEATS, ms of sonnet (1816) To the natural philosopher there is no natural object unimportant or trifling… a soap bubble…an apple…a pebble…He walks in the midst of wonders. JOHN HERSCHEL, A Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy (1830) Yes, there is a march of Science, but who shall beat the drums of its retreat? CHARLES LAMB, shortly before his death (1834) Table of Contents Cover Page Title Page Dedication Epigraph Prologue 1 Joseph Banks in Paradise 2 Herschel on the Moon 3 Balloonists in Heaven 4 Herschel Among the Stars 5 Mungo Park in Africa 6 Davy on the Gas 7 Dr Frankenstein and the Soul 8 Davy and the Lamp 9 Sorcerer and Apprentice 10 Young Scientists Epilogue Cast List Bibliography References Acknowledgements Index ALSO BY RICHARD HOLMES Copyright About the Publisher Prologue 1 In my first chemistry class, at the age of fourteen, I successfully precipitated a single crystal of mineral salts. This elementary experiment was done by heating a solution of copper sulphate (I think) over a Bunsen burner, and leaving it to cool overnight. The next morning there it lay at the bottom of my carefully labelled test tube: a single beautiful crystal, the size of a flattened Fox’s Glacier Mint, a miniature ziggurat with a faint blue opalescence, propped up against the inside of the glass (too big to lie flat), monumental and mysterious to my eyes. No one else’s test tube held anything but a few feeble grains. I was triumphant, my scientific future assured. But it turned out that the chemistry master did not believe me. The crystal was too big to be true. He said (not at all unkindly) that I had obviously faked it, and slipped a piece of coloured glass into the test tube instead. It was quite a good joke. I implored him, ‘Oh, test it, sir; just test it!’ But he refused, and moved on to other matters. In that moment of helpless disappointment I think I first glimpsed exactly what real science should be. To add to it, years later I learned the motto of the Royal Society: Nullius in Verba-‘Nothing upon Another’s Word’. I have never forgotten this incident, and have often related it to scientific friends. They nod sympathetically, though they tend to add that I did not (as a matter of chemical fact) precipitate a crystal at all-what I did was to seed one, a rather different process. No doubt this is so. But the eventual consequence, after many years of cooling, has certainly been to precipitate this book. 2 The Age of Wonder is a relay race of scientific stories, and they link together to explore a larger historical narrative. This is my account of the second scientific revolution, which swept through Britain at the end of the eighteenth century, and produced a new vision which has rightly been called Romantic science.1 Romanticism as a cultural force is generally regarded as intensely hostile to science, its ideal of subjectivity eternally opposed to that of scientific objectivity. But I do not believe this was always the case, or that the terms are so mutually exclusive. The notion of wonder seems to be something that once united them, and can still do so. In effect there is Romantic science in the same sense that there is Romantic poetry, and often for the same enduring reasons. The first scientific revolution, of the seventeenth century, is familiarly associated with the names of Newton, Hooke, Locke and Descartes, and the almost simultaneous foundations of the Royal Society in London and the Académie des Sciences in Paris. Its existence has long been accepted, and the biographies of its leading figures are well known.♣ But this second revolution was something different. The first person who referred to a ‘second scientific revolution’ was probably the poet Coleridge in his Philosophical Lectures of 1819.2 It was inspired primarily by a sudden series of breakthroughs in the fields of astronomy and chemistry. It was a movement that grew out of eighteenthcentury Enlightenment rationalism, but largely transformed it, by bringing a new imaginative intensity and excitement to scientific work. It was driven by a common ideal of intense, even reckless, personal commitment to discovery. It was also a movement of transition. It flourished for a relatively brief time, perhaps two generations, but produced long-lasting consequences-raising hopes and questions-that are still with us today. Romantic science can be dated roughly, and certainly symbolically, between two celebrated voyages of exploration. These were Captain James Cook’s first round-the-world expedition aboard the Endeavour, begun in 1768, and Charles Darwin’s voyage to the Galapagos islands aboard the Beagle, begun in 1831. This is the time I have called the Age of Wonder, and with any luck we have not yet quite outgrown it. The idea of the exploratory voyage, often lonely and perilous, is in one form or another a central and defining metaphor of Romantic science. That is how William Wordsworth brilliantly transformed the great Enlightenment image