It is standardly assumed that Universal Grammar (UG) allows a given                  hierarchical representation to be associated with more than one linear order. For                  example, English and Japanese phrases consisting of a verb and its complement are                  thought of as symmetrical to one another, differing only in linear order. The                  Antisymmetry of Syntax proposes a restrictive theory of word order and phrase                  structure that denies this assumption. According to this theory, phrase structure                  always completely determines linear order, so that if two phrases differ in linear                  order, they must also differ in hierarchical structure.More specifically, Richard                  Kayne shows that asymmetric c-command invariably maps into linear precedence. From                  this follows, with few further hypotheses, a highly specific theory of word order in                  UG: that complement positions must always follow their associated head, and that                  specifiers and adjoined elements must always precede the phrase that they are sister                  to. A further result is that standard X-bar theory is not a primitive component of                  UG. Rather, X-bar theory expresses a set of antisymmetric properties of phrase                  structure. This antisymmetry is inherited from the more basic antisymmetry of linear                  order.Linguistic Inquiry Monograph No. 25

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