The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Challa Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics EditorialBoard T. Muraoka, C.H.M. Versteegh and A.D. Rubin VOLUME54 The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Challa By Steven E. Fassberg LEIDEN•BOSTON 2010 Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Fassberg,StevenE. TheJewishNeo-AramaicdialectofChalla/byStevenE.Fassberg. p.cm.–(StudiesinSemiticlanguagesandlinguistics;Vol.54) Includesbibliographicalreferences(p. ). ISBN978-90-04-17682-9(hardback:alk.paper) 1.Aramaiclanguage–Dialects–Turkey–Çukurca–Grammar.2. Jews–Turkey–Çukurca–Languages.3.Çukurca(Turkey)–Languages.I.Title.II.Series. PJ5282.F372010 492'.2–dc22 2009046087 ISSN 0081-8461 ISBN 9789004176829 Copyright2010byKoninklijkeBrillNV,Leiden,TheNetherlands. KoninklijkeBrillNVincorporatestheimprintsBrill,HoteiPublishing, IDCPublishers,MartinusNijhoffPublishersandVSP. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,translated,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical, photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutpriorwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher. AuthorizationtophotocopyitemsforinternalorpersonaluseisgrantedbyKoninklijkeBrillNV providedthattheappropriatefeesarepaiddirectlytoTheCopyrightClearanceCenter, 222RosewoodDrive,Suite910,Danvers,MA01923,USA. Feesaresubjecttochange. printedinthenetherlands ForTeddyandSarah CONTENTS Preface ................................................................. xiii AbbreviationsandSigla................................................ xv I.Introduction ......................................................... 1 1.1. Challa ............................................................ 1 1.2. JewishPresenceinChalla ....................................... 1 1.3. ChristianPresenceinChalla.................................... 4 1.4. Muslim(Kurdish)PresenceinChalla .......................... 4 1.5. JewishChallaInformants ....................................... 5 II.JewishChallaandtheOtherLishanaDeniDialects............... 7 2.1. DialectalPositionofJewishChalla ............................. 7 2.2. SalientFeaturesofJewishChalla................................ 7 III.Phonology ......................................................... 11 3.1. Consonants ...................................................... 11 3.2. Bgdkpt............................................................ 12 3.3. PharyngealsandGlottals........................................ 13 3.4. Affricates......................................................... 14 3.5. Emphatics........................................................ 15 3.6. Assimilation ..................................................... 16 3.7. Dissimilation .................................................... 18 3.8. Vowels ........................................................... 18 3.9. GeneralDistributionofVowels ................................. 19 3.10. ShorteningofLongVowels...................................... 21 3.11. ConditionedVowelShifts ....................................... 22 3.12. RisingDiphthongs............................................... 23 3.13. FallingDiphthongs .............................................. 23 3.14. OtherDiphthongsThatHaveContractedinJewishChalla.... 24 3.15. ContractionofTriphthongsandRelatedForms................ 24 3.16. Glides ............................................................ 25 3.17. Aphaeresis ....................................................... 25 3.18. Syncope.......................................................... 26 3.19. Apocope ......................................................... 28 viii contents 3.20. Gemination...................................................... 29 3.21. SyllableStructure................................................ 31 3.22. Anaptyxis ........................................................ 32 3.23. Stress............................................................. 33 3.24. Pause............................................................. 34 IV.MorphologyandMorphosyntax .................................. 35 4.1. Pronouns......................................................... 35 4.1.1. IndependentPronouns.................................. 35 4.1.2. PronominalSuffixesonNouns ......................... 36 4.1.3. IndependentGenitivePronoun......................... 37 4.1.4. L-SuffixPronouns....................................... 39 4.1.5. LL-SuffixPronouns...................................... 40 4.1.6. E-SuffixPronouns....................................... 40 4.1.7. DemonstrativePronouns ............................... 42 4.1.8. Possessive-RelativeParticled ........................... 44 4.1.9. ReflexivePronoun....................................... 47 4.1.10. ReciprocalPronouns.................................... 47 4.1.11. InterrogativePronouns ................................. 48 4.1.12. IndefinitePronouns..................................... 49 4.2. NounsandAdjectives ........................................... 51 4.2.1. InflectionofNouns...................................... 51 4.2.2. AnnexationofNouns ................................... 54 4.2.3. NominalPluralForms .................................. 56 4.2.3.1. PluralFormsEndingin-e................... 56 4.2.3.2. PluralFormsEndingin-a¯ne ................ 57 4.2.3.3. PluralFormsEndingin-a¯he ................ 58 4.2.3.4. PluralFormsEndingin-a¯sa ................ 58 4.2.3.5. PluralFormsEndingin-ya¯sa ............... 59 4.2.3.6. PluralFormsEndingin-awa¯sa ............. 59 4.2.3.7. PluralFormswithReduplicatedConsonant 60 4.2.3.8. PluralFormsEndingin-ine................. 60 4.2.3.9. MultiplePluralForms ....................... 60 4.2.3.10. IrregularPluralForms....................... 60 4.2.3.11. PluraliaTantum.............................. 61 4.2.4. InflectionofAdjectives.................................. 61 4.2.5. GeneralRemarksonNounandAdjectivePatterns .... 62 4.2.6. NounandAdjectivePatterns ........................... 63 4.2.6.1. Monosyllabic................................. 63 4.2.6.2. Bisyllabic..................................... 64 contents ix 4.2.6.3. BisyllabicwithFeminineEnding............ 73 4.2.6.4. Trisyllabic.................................... 74 4.2.6.5. TrisyllabicwithFeminineEnding........... 77 4.2.6.6. Quadrisyllabic ............................... 78 4.2.6.7. QuadrisyllabicwithFeminineEnding...... 78 4.2.7. DiachronicOverviewofPatterns....................... 78 4.2.8. Prefixes .................................................. 80 4.2.9. Suffixes................................................... 81 4.2.9.1. -a¯ya,-esa,-a¯ye ............................... 81 4.2.9.2. -na¯ya,-nesa,-na¯ye........................... 82 4.2.9.3. -u¯sa,-atu¯sa................................... 82 4.2.9.4. -ona,-one .................................... 84 4.2.9.5. -unka,-unke ................................. 84 4.2.9.6. -a¯na,-anta,-a¯ne ............................. 84 4.2.9.7. -oya........................................... 85 4.2.9.8. -k ............................................. 85 Ã 4.2.9.9. - ski........................................... 86 4.2.9.10. -i.............................................. 86 4.2.9.11. -li............................................. 87 4.2.10. CompoundNouns ...................................... 87 4.2.11. ProperNamesandHypocoristics....................... 88 4.3. Numerals ........................................................ 89 4.3.1. CardinalNumbers– ................................ 89 4.3.2. CardinalNumbers– ............................... 91 4.3.3. CardinalNumbers—TensandHundreds .............. 91 4.3.4. CardinalNumbers—ThousandsandAbove............ 92 4.3.5. OrdinalNumbers ....................................... 92 4.3.6. Fractions................................................. 93 4.3.7. Multiplicatives........................................... 93 4.3.8. DaysoftheWeek........................................ 93 4.3.9. OtherExpressionsofTime.............................. 94 4.4. Verbs............................................................. 94 4.4.1. Stems .................................................... 94 4.4.2. GStem................................................... 95 4.4.3. DandCStems........................................... 96 4.4.4. QStem................................................... 97 4.4.5. InventoryofVerbalForms.............................. 98 4.4.6. Copula................................................... 98 4.4.6.1. PresentCopula .............................. 98 4.4.6.2. NegatedPresentCopula..................... 101