and “The influence of [Kazimierz] Twardowski on modern philosophy in Poland is all-pervasive. Twardowski instilled in his students a passion for clarity […] and seriousness. He taught them to regard philosophy as a collaborative effort, a matter of disciplined discussion and argument, and he encouraged them to train themselves thoroughly in at least one extra-philosophical discipline and to work together with scientists from other fields, both inside Poland and internationally. This led above all […] to collaborations with mathematicians, so that the Lvov school of philosophy would gradually evolve into the Warsaw school of logic […]. Twardowski taught his students, too, to respect and to pursue serious research in the history of philosophy, an aspect of the tradition of philosophy on Polish territory which is illustrated in such disparate works as [Jan] Lukasiewicz’s ground-breaking monograph on the law of non-contradiction in Aristotle and [Wladyslaw] Tatarkiewicz’s highly influential multi-volume histories of philosophy and aesthetics […] The term ‘Polish philosophy’ is a misnomer […] for Polish philosophy is philosophy per se; it is part and parcel of the mainstream of world philosophy – simply because […] it meets international standards of training, rigour, professionalism and specialization. and ” – Barry Smith ( and “Why Polish Philosophy does Not Exist and “)

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