THE POETICS OF POWER IN AUGUSTAN ROME Augustus’successinimplementingmonarchicalruleatRomeisoften attributedtoinnovationsinthesymboliclanguageofpower,fromthe star marking Julius Caesar’s deification to buildings like the Palatine complexandtheForumAugustumtoritualsincludingtriumphsand funerals.ThisbookilluminatesRomansubjects’vitalroleincreating and critiquing these images, in keeping with the Augustan poets’ sustained exploration of audiences’ active part in constructing verbal andvisualmeaning.FromVergiltoOvid,thesepoetspubliclyinter pret, debate, and disrupt Rome’s evolving political iconography, reclaiming it as the common property of an imagined republic of readers. In showing how these poets used reading as a metaphor for the mutual constitution of Augustan authority and a means of exer cising interpretive libertas under the principate, this book offers a holistic new vision of Roman imperial power and its representation thatwillstimulatescholarsandstudentsalike.  .  teaches Classics at the University of Wisconsin Madison. Her research centers on Latin literature, its historical and cultural contexts, and its postclassical reception. She haspublishedinTransactionsoftheAmericanPhilologicalAssociation, TheInternationalJournaloftheClassicalTradition,Vergilius,Classical Philology, Classical World, The Classical Journal, and Eidolon. THE POETICS OF POWER IN AUGUSTAN ROME Latin Poetic Responses to Early Imperial Iconography NANDINI B. PANDEY UniversityofWisconsin–Madison UniversityPrintingHouse,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,thFloor,NewYork,,USA WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,,Australia –,rdFloor,Plot,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi–,India AnsonRoad,#–/,Singapore CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/ :./ ©NandiniB.Pandey Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyClays,StIvesplc AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. 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For Erich, Gil, and Gus patribus optimis Contents List of Illustrations page viii Acknowledgments xi  The Mutual Constitution of Augustus   History in Light of the Sidus Iulium   Questioning Consensus on the Palatine   Remapping the Forum Augustum   The Triumph of the Imagination   The Last Word?  Bibliography  General Index  Index Locorum  vii Illustrations . Denarius of Julius Caesar,  BCE. Diademed bust of Venus with star in hair (obverse); trophy with shields, captives, and legend CAESAR (reverse). Crawford, RRC / = Grueber, BMCRR II, p. , Spain no. . Courtesy of the American Numismatic Society. page  . Denarius of P. Sepullius Macer,  BCE. Laureate head of Julius Caesar (obverse); standing Venus holding victory (reverse). Crawford, RRC /b = Grueber, BMCRR I, p. , Rome no. . Courtesy of the American Numismatic Society.  . Denarius of Mark Antony,  BCE. Head of Antony with star beneath (obverse); bearded head of Octavian (reverse). Crawford, RRC /a = Grueber, BMCRR II, p. , East no. . Courtesy of the American Numismatic Society.  . Bronze of Octavian,  BCE. Head of Octavian labeled DIVI F[ILIVS] with star (obverse); laurel wreath encircling DIVOS IVLIVS (reverse). Crawford, RRC / = Grueber, BMCRR II, p. , Gaul nos. – = Burnett, RPC I, p. , no. . Courtesy of the American Numismatic Society.  . Denarius of Octavian,  BCE. Head of Octavian (obverse); temple of Divus Iulius (reverse). Crawford, RRC / = Grueber,BMCRRII,p.,Africanos.–=Sydenham, CRR, p. , no. . Courtesy of the American Numismatic Society.  . Denarius of Augustus, – BCE. Head of Augustus  (obverse); eight-rayed comet (reverse). Sutherland, RIC I, p. , no. a = Mattingly, BMCRE I, p. , nos. –. Courtesy of the American Numismatic Society.  viii Illustrations ix . Denarius of Augustus,  BCE. Herald of games (obverse);  youthful head with comet above (reverse). Sutherland, RIC I, p. , no.  = Mattingly, BMCRE I, p. , no. . Courtesy of the American Numismatic Society.  . Denarius of Augustus,  BCE. Head of Augustus (obverse); Augustus placing star on head of half-clad figure of Divus  Iulius carrying Victory and spear (reverse). Sutherland, RIC I,p.,no.=Mattingly,BMCREI,p. ,nos.– = Grueber, BMCRR II, p. , Rome no. – = Seaby, RSC,p.,no..CourtesyoftheAmericanNumismatic Society.  . Plan of the Palatine complex in light of Iacopi and Tedone (/), redrawn by M. C. Bishop. © M. C. Bishop.  . Painting of Apollo Citharoedus from the house of Augustus, Palatine Museum, Rome. Photograph by the author.  . Aureus of L. Caninius Gallus,  BCE. Bare-headed Augustus as DIVI F[ILIVS] (obverse); oak wreath labeled OB C[IVIS] S[ERVATOS]abovedoorsflankedbylaurelbranches(reverse). Sutherland, RIC I, p. , no.  = Mattingly, BMCRE I, p. , no. . © The Trustees of the British Museum.  . Danaid statue in the Palatine Museum, Rome. Photograph by the author.  . Top of the head of one Danaid statue in the Palatine Museum, Rome. Photograph by Bill Gladhill. With permission.  . Emperor Augustus ordering the creation of a map of the Roman empire, from an  facsimile of the Hereford Mappamundi, c. . Photograph by Kathryn McKee. By permission of the Master and Fellows of St. John’s College, Cambridge  . Plan of the Forum Augustum in light of recent excavations of the lower exedrae, redrawn by M. C. Bishop. © M. C. Bishop  . Silver skyphos from the Boscoreale treasure depicting a sacrifice. Musée du Louvre. Image and original data provided by Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, New York. Photograph by Hervé Lewandowski.  . Silver skyphos from the Boscoreale treasure depicting the triumph of Tiberius. Musée du Louvre. Image and original data provided by Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, New York. Photograph by Hervé Lewandowski.  x Illustrations . Denarius of Augustus,  BCE. AVGVSTVS with bare head (obverse); barbarian kneeling right and offering a vexillum (reverse). Sutherland, RIC I, p. , no.  = Mattingly, BMCRE I, p. , no.  = Seaby, RSC, p. , no. . Courtesy of the American Numismatic Society.  . Bronze head of Augustus with inlaid eyes of glass and calcite (c. – BCE). © The Trustees of the British Museum. 