THE POWER OF NECESSITY Exploringreasonofstateinaglobalmonarchy,ThePowerofNecessity examines how thinkers and agents in the Spanish monarchy navi- gated the tension between political pragmatism and moral-religious principle.ThistensionliesattheveryheartofCounter-Reformation reason of state. Nowhere was the need for pragmatic state manage- ment greater than in the overstretched Spanish empire of the seven- teenth century. However, pragmatic politics were problematic for a Catholic monarchy steeped in ideals of justice and divine justifica- tions of power and kingship. Presenting a broad cast of characters fromacrossEurope,andunitingpublishedsourceswithawiderange of archival material, Lisa Kattenberg shows how non-canonical thinkersandagentsconfrontedthepolitical-moraldilemmasoftheir age by creatively employing the legitimizing power of necessity. Pioneering new ways of bridging the persistent gap between theory andpracticeinthehistoryofpoliticalthought,ThePowerofNecessity casts fresh light on the struggle to preserve the monarchy in a modernizingworld.   is Assistant Professor in Early Modern Intellectual History at the University of Amsterdam. Between  and,shewasResearchFellowinHistoryatGonvilleandCaius College, University of Cambridge. Her doctoral dissertation, from which she developed this book, was awarded the Keetje Hodshon Award for the best doctoral thesis in history completed at a Dutch university during the past five years by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. She has published broadly in Spanish, Englishand Dutch. blih d li b C bid i i    Edited byDavid Armitage, Richard Bourke and JenniferPitts Thebooksinthisserieswilldiscusstheemergenceofintellectualtraditionsandof related new disciplines. The procedures, aims and vocabularies that were gener- atedwillbesetinthecontextofthealternativesavailablewithinthecontemporary frameworksofideasandinstitutions.Throughdetailedstudiesoftheevolutionof such traditions, and their modification by different audiences, it is hoped that a new picture willform of thedevelopment ofideas intheir concrete contexts. By thismeans,artificialdistinctionsbetweenthehistoryofphilosophy,ofthevarious sciences, of society and politics, and ofliterature maybe seen to dissolve. A full list oftitles inthe series can be found at:www.cambridge.org/IdeasContext. blih d li b C bid i i THE POWER OF NECESSITY – Reason of State in the Spanish Monarchy, c. LISA KATTENBERG UniversityofAmsterdam blih d li b C bid i i ShaftesburyRoad,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,thFloor,NewYork,,USA WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,,Australia –,rdFloor,Plot,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre,NewDelhi–,India PenangRoad,#–/,VisioncrestCommercial,Singapore CambridgeUniversityPressispartofCambridgeUniversityPress&Assessment, adepartmentoftheUniversityofCambridge. WesharetheUniversity’smissiontocontributetosocietythroughthepursuitof education,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/ :./ ©LisaKattenberg Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandtotheprovisions ofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,noreproductionofanypartmaytake placewithoutthewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress&Assessment. Firstpublished AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ----Hardback CambridgeUniversityPress&Assessmenthasnoresponsibilityforthepersistence oraccuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhis publicationanddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwill remain,accurateorappropriate. blih d li b C bid i i Voor Marjon blih d li b C bid i i blih d li b C bid i i Contents List of Figures page ix List of Tables x Acknowledgements xi Introduction: Politics between Principle and Pragmatism  TheStateandItsReason  EarlyModernReasonofState:Interpretations  Monarchy,MoralityandCasuistry  HistorybetweenScholarshipandInformationManagement  Thinker-AgentsandtheCompositeMonarchy   Necessity and Counter-Reformation Reason of State  AwayfromMachiavelli  ‘NecessityBreaksEveryHumanLaw’   ‘The Inexhaustible Ocean of Politics’: Tacitus and the Political Counsel of History  ‘Tacitism’,ScholarshipandDistance  AnalogyandAuthority  Past,PresentandFuture   Virgilio Malvezzi and the Mosaics of Morality and Necessity  VirgilioMalvezzi:LifeandWork  Morality,CircumstancesandtheMakingofSucesosprincipales  NecessityinAction:TheMissions   Experience, Conscience and Necessity: Spanish Debates about Peace or Truce in the Netherlands  Negotiations  Experiencia:Learning,RememberingandForgetting  Conciencia:TheConsciousShepherdversusthePragmaticStatesman  Necesidad:HardshipandPracticalSolutions  vii blih d li b C bid i i viii Contents Conclusion  Bibliography  Index  blih d li b C bid i i Figures . ‘Prudentia’, Crispijn van der Passe, c. – page  . Diego de Saavedra Fajardo, Idea de un principe politico-christiano, representado en cien empresas (Amsterdam: Janssonius, )  . Virgilio Mavezzi, Il ritratto del privato politico christiano: estratto dall’originale d’alcune attioni del conte duca di S. Lucar (Bologna: Giacomo Monti, ), frontispiece after Guido Reni  . Virgilio Malvezzi’s notebook for Sucesos principales del la monarquia de España, p. []  . Virgilio Malvezzi’s notebook for Sucesos principales del la monarquia de España, p. []  . Virgilio Malvezzi’s notebook for Sucesos principales del la monarquia de España, p. []  . ‘Proclamation of the Twelve Years’ Truce in Antwerp, ’, Simon Frisius, c. –  ix blih d li b C bid i i