The Present Perfective Paradox across Languages OXFORD STUDIES OF TIME IN LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT GENERAL EDITORS: Kasia M. Jaszczolt, University of Cambridge and Louis de Saussure,UniversityofNeuchâtel ADVISORY EDITORS: Nicholas Asher, Université Paul Sabatier; Johan van der Auwera, University of Antwerp; Robert I. Binnick, University of Toronto; Ronny Boogaart, University of Leiden; Frank Brisard, University of Antwerp; Patrick Caudal, CNRS; Anastasia Giannakidou, University of Chicago; Hans Kronning, UniversityofUppsala;RonaldLangacker,UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego;Alex Lascarides,UniversityofEdinburgh;PeterLudlow,NorthwesternUniversity;Aliceter Meulen, UniversityofGeneva;RobinLePoidevin,Universityof Leeds;PaulPortner, GeorgetownUniversity;TimStowell,UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles;Henriëttede Swart,UniversityofUtrecht PUBLISHED Time Language,Cognition,andReality EditedbyKasiaM.JaszczoltandLouisdeSaussure FutureTimes,FutureTenses EditedbyPhilippeDeBrabanter,MikhailKissine,andSaghieSharifzadeh Time,Language,andOntology TheWorldfromtheB-TheoreticPerspective byM.JoshuaMozersky ThePresentPerfectiveParadoxacrossLanguages byAstridDeWit The Present Perfective Paradox across Languages ASTRID DE WIT 1 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,7/9/2016,SPi 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OXDP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. 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OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,7/9/2016,SPi Contents GeneralPreface x Acknowledgments xii ListofGlosses xiii  Introduction  . Thepresentperfectiveparadox:Afirstglance  . Selectedlanguages  . Acognitive-semanticapproachtocross-linguisticvariation  . Thestructureofthestudy   Anepistemicapproachtothecategoriesoftenseandaspect  . Tense  .. Temporalandnon-temporalusesoftenseconstructions  .. Amodalaccountofthepresenttense  . Aspect  .. Lexicalandgrammaticalaspect:Aunifiedaspectmodel  .. Grammaticalaspect  ... Perfectiveandimperfectiveaspect  ... Othertypesofgrammaticalaspect  .. Lexicalaspect  . The perfect   Thepresentperfectiveparadox:Thestateoftheart  . Theincompatibilityproblem  . Previousanalysesoftheincompatibilityproblem  . Objectivesofthecurrentstudy   ThepresentperfectiveparadoxinEnglish  . UsagetypesoftheEnglishsimplepresent  .. Present-timereference  .. Historicalpresent  .. Futurate  .. Non-counterfactualconditionals  .. Habitualandgenericcontexts  .. Theuseofthesimplepresentversusthepresentprogressive incomparablecontexts  .. OverviewoftheusagetypesoftheEnglishsimplepresent  OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,7/9/2016,SPi vi Contents . PreviousanalysesofthesemanticsoftheEnglishpresenttense  .. Analysesofthetemporalmeaningofthesimplepresent  .. Analysesoftheaspectualmeaningofthesimplepresent  .. Thesimplepresentversusthepresentprogressive:Aspectual andmodalaccounts  . ThesemanticsoftheEnglishpresenttenseandtheriseofthe presentperfectiveparadox  .. AsemanticanalysisoftheEnglishsimplepresent  ... Basicmodalandtemporalmeaning  ... Aspectualmeaning  ... Themodalcontrastbetweenthesimplepresent andthepresentprogressive  ... Thedevelopmentofthepresentprogressive andtheriseoftheperfectivemeaningofthesimple presentinEnglish  .. Interactionsbetweenthesimplepresentandtypesof lexicalaspectindifferentcontexts  ... Statesversusevents  ... Present-timereferencewitheventsinnon-virtual contexts  ... Present-timereferencewitheventsinvirtual contexts  . Twotypesofsolutionfortheincompatibilityproblems  .. Astructuralinterpretation  .. Typeshifting  ... Thepresentperfect  ... Thepresentprogressive  . Conclusion   ThepresentperfectiveparadoxinFrench  . UsagetypesoftheFrenchsimplepresent  .. Present-timereference  .. Historicalpresent  .. Futurate  .. Non-counterfactualconditionals  .. Habitualandgenericcontexts  .. OverviewoftheusagetypesoftheFrenchsimplepresent  . PreviousanalysesofthesemanticsoftheFrenchsimplepresent  . ThesemanticsoftheFrenchsimplepresentandhowitavoids theriseofthepresentperfectiveparadox  .. Thebasicmodalandtemporalmeaningofthesimplepresent  .. Theaspectualambiguityofthesimplepresent  OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,7/9/2016,SPi Contents vii ... Aspectualambiguityandthecontinuative presentperfect  ... Epistemicimplicationsoftheaspectualambiguity  .. TheFrenchsimplepresentandthepresentperfective paradox  .. Themodalcontrastbetweenthesimplepresentandthe presentprogressive  . Adiachronicexplanationfortheaspectualambiguityofthe simplepresent  . Conclusion   ThepresentperfectiveparadoxinSranan  . Preliminaryobservations  . Methodology:Actionalclassificationandcorpusanalysis  .. Classesoflexicalaspect  .. Corpusdataandelicitations  . Usagetypesofzero  .. Present-timereference  .. Presentperfect  .. Narrativecontexts  .. Past perfectiveoutsidenarrativecontexts  .. Non-counterfactualconditionalclauses  .. Overviewoftheusagetypesofzero  . Previousanalysesofzero,ben,ande  . Analysis:Zeroasapresentperfectivemarker  .. Zeroasapresentperfectivemarkerandtheriseofthe presentperfectiveparadox  .. Twotypesofsolutionforthepresentperfectiveparadox  ... Typeshifting:Theprogressive/habituale  ... Alternative‘non-present’interpretations  . Conclusion   ThepresentperfectiveparadoxinSlavic  . Slavic-styleaspectinthisstudy  . Usagetypesofthepresent(perfective)tenseacrossSlaviclanguages  .. InnortheasternSlavic(RussianandPolish)  ... Future-timereference  ... Habitual  ... Historicalpresent  ... Realisconditionals  ... Actualpresent  OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,7/9/2016,SPi viii Contents .. InnorthwesternSlavic(Czech)  ... Future-timereference  ... Habitual  ... Historicalpresent  ... Non-counterfactualconditionals  ... Actualpresent  .. InsouthwesternSlavic(Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian)  ... Habitual  ... Historicalpresent  ... Realisconditionals  ... Actualpresent-timereference  .. Overview  . TheriseofthepresentperfectiveparadoxinSlavic  .. Argumentsinfavorofapresent-tenseanalysis  .. Whydoesthepresent-timereportingofperfectiveevents seemmoreproblematicintheeasternSlaviclanguages thaninthewesternSlaviclanguages?  . Twotypesofsolutionfortheincompatibilityproblems  .. Imperfectiveandperfectconstruals  ... Imperfectivization  ... Thelimitedtype-shiftingfunctionoftheperfect inSouthSlavic  .. Non-presentreadings:The‘prospectivestrategy’andthe ‘structuralstrategy’  ... Theexploitationofthe‘prospectivestrategy’in differentSlaviclanguages  ... The‘structuralstrategy’andeastern–western differences  . Conclusion   Conclusionandwiderrelevance  . Theriseandresolutionofthepresentperfectiveparadoxacross languages  .. Theconceptualproblemsunderlyingthepresentperfective paradox  .. Preemptiveblockingofthepresentperfectiveparadox: Present-tenseconstructionswithanimperfectivevalue  .. Theroleof(typesof)lexicalandgrammaticalaspect  .. Present-timeeventreportsinspecific(perfective)contexts  .. Solutionstothepresentperfectiveparadox  OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,7/9/2016,SPi Contents ix ... Alternative‘non-present’readings:The‘prospective’, ‘retrospective’,and‘structuralstrategy’  ... Type-shiftingconstructionsthatenablepresent-time reference  . Widerrelevanceandfutureresearch  References  Index 