Tibetan Verb Dictionary Verbinator 2000 ka kud kudND.gives as the present of bku. kum Present:kumDS. Past:kum[DS].Future:kum[DS].Intransitive: DS.Meaning: (archaic) To die DS.Note: Compare 'gum ker Present:kerCD, DK, DS, TC.Past:kerdDK, ker[DS].TC.Future:kerDK, TC, [DS].Imperative:kerdDK. -TC.Involuntary:TC.Voluntary:(Hoshi 2003).Intransitive:DS, TC. Syntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).Meaning: To erect, to point a finger toward the sky DK. To raise, lift up CD. To raise up (e.g. a finger) DS. To arise, get up TC. kong kongDK gives as the present of bkong. krang Auxiliary: krang(Gyurme 1992: 150-152), (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1997).Function: (archaic, main verb un-negated) Signifies the successful execution of an action (Gyurme 1992: 150-152).(archaic) A question word similar to gam, ngam, &c. (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1997).Note: Compare grang2 krabs krabs LZ gives as the present of bkrab krongs krongsLZ gives as the present of dgrongs klan Present:klan[CD], DS, TC.Past:klan[DS].Future:klan[CD], [DS].Transitive:DS, (Skorupski 2001).Meaning: 1. To wreak revenge for. [2. To mend, to patch] CD. 1. To avenge, to take revenge. 2. To answer, counter DS. (archaic) To answer, counter TC. klal klalCD, (DS) give as a present of glal. klas Present:klas(Li & Coblin 1987), [TC], (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1997).Meaning: To be beyond, further than (Li & Coblin 1987). 1. To forget. 2. To arrive at the depths, meet the limit. 3. To understand (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1997).Note:CD, DS, TC prefer to see this as an adjective. klub1 Present:klubCD, DK.Past:klubsCD, DK.Future:klubDK.Imperative:klubsDK.Causative of:lhub pa(Chang 1971: iv.13).Meaning: To cover the body with ornaments (Ja), to put on luxuriously (Cs), to set up a tent CD. To put on; to wear DK.Note: Root given as klub < *s-'-lhub, *b-lhub? (Chang 1971: iv.12) klub2 Present:klubsLZ.klubDK, DS, TC.Past:blubs(see note). bklubsLZ, DK, DS, TC. Future:klubsLZ. bklubDK, DS, TC.Imperative:lhubs(see note).klubsLZ, DK, DS, TC.Voluntary: DS, TC.Transitive:DS, TC.Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).Causative of:lhub pa[Chang 1971: iv.13].Characteristic Example:na bza' sogsLZ.Meaning: To adorn, put on another person; to make someone put on DK. To ornament, put on clothes DS. 1. To wear. 2. To adorn, decorate TC.Note: Root given as g + lhub (Hahn 1999).Note: For the form blubs (a. 1680) see (Eimer 1987); (Hahn 1999) suggests the inflection klub, blubs, *klub, *lhubs; for the imperative he compares lhab lhub 'excessively bedecked'. klog Present:klogKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Past:blags(see note).bklagsKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.klagsCD.Future:bklagKYT, KYN, TD,TD has bkrag bya as the future, but this is obviously a mistake. LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.klagCD.Imperative:klogsKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.lhogs(KYN), (ND).Voluntary:KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117), (Hoshi 2003).Transitive:DS, TC.Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117), (Hackett 2003).Characteristic Example:mdo snga sogsTD.bka' bstan dang yi ge sogsLZ. yi geND.Meaning: To read CD, DK. To read aloud DS, TC .Note: Root given as klag < *s-'-lhag (Chang 1971: iv.12), *g + lhag (Hahn 1999).Note: This form was first noted by (Nobel 1955) it is discussed in (de Jong 1974) who finds the forms p+lags, ph+lags, and p+lhags as well. (Hahn 1999) suggests the inflection klog, blags, klag, lhogs. dkag Present:dkagDS.Past:dkag[DS].Future:dkag[DS].Intransitive:DS.Meaning: (of a melted liquid ) To solidify in the process of cooling DS. dka' Present:dka'ND.Past:dka'[ND].Syntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).Meaning: To be difficult (Hackett 2003). dku Present:dkuDS, TC.Past:dku[DS], TC.Future:dku[DS], TC.Imperative:- TC.Intransitive:DS, TC.Syntax: [Abs, Obl.] (Hackett 2003).Meaning:To drip, come down, fall DS.1. To brew, exude. 2. To fall. 3. (archaic) To remain, be left behind TC. dkond Present:dkondLZ.Past:dkondLZ.Future:dkonLZ.Imperative:dkondLZ.Characteristic Example:'jig rten sogs suLZ.Meaning: To appear (ngag dbang tshul khrims 1997). dkyu Present:dkyuLZ, CD (archaic), DK, DS, TC.'khyusND.Past:dkyusLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.Future:dkyuLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.Imperative:dkyusLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.Transitive:DS, TC.Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).Causative of: 'khyusNWHCharacteristic Example:rta sogsLZ.bros pa'iND.Meaning: 1. To run a race 2. To wring out; to filter (Sch.) 3. To caper about (Ja) CD. To race, to run away DK. To race (a horse, mule, &c.) DS. To control, ride a horse TC.Note: see note at 'khyus. dkyud Present:dkyudCD.Meaning: To forget CD. dkri Present:dkriLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bkriCD.Past:dkrisLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Future:dkriLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.Imperative:dkrisLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.-ND.Involuntary: ND. Voluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).Transitive:CD, DS, TC.Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).Causative of:'khri[CD] (Chang 1971: v.6), (Duff). 'khril (Chang 1971: v.6).Characteristic Example:dar sogs kyisLZ.dar sogsND.Meaning: 1. (archaic) To conduct one's pupil from one stage of learning to another stage. 2. To wind; to wrap around. 3. To ensnare CD. To wind, to wrap up; to roll up DK. To bind something with string or rope DS. 1. To bind, to tie. 2. To cover, impose, accuse, deprecate TC. dkrig Present:dkrigLZ, DK, DS, TC.Past:dkrigsLZ, DK, DS, TC.Future:dkrigLZ, DK, DS, TC.Imperative:khrigsLS. dkrigs.DK, DS, TC.Voluntary: DS, TC.Transitive:DS, TC.Syntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).Causative of:'khrig(Duff).Characteristic Example:du sprin sogs.LZ.Meaning: To make overcast; to gather clouds [sic], to pile up DK. To fill up (with clouds, smoke &c.) DS.To obscure TC. dkrug Present:dkrugLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. Past:dkrugs LZ, DK, DS, TC. Future:dkrug LZ, DK, DS, TC.Imperative:dkrugsLZ, DK, DS, TC.Voluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).Transitive:DS, TC. Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).Causative of:'khrug[CD] (Chang 1971: v.6) (Gyurme 1992: 258) (Duff).Cognate with:sprug(Chang 1971: v.6)Characteristic Example:zho dang thugs sogs.LZ.Meaning: To disturb, put in motion; to turn, turn on a lathe CD. To stir up; to disturb; to agitate; to disunite; to create differences by instigation DK. 1. To stir, churn (a kind of liquid with a stick). 2. To be unharmonious, disagreeable. 3. To finish, conclude DS. 1. To disturb, stir, churn. 2. To agitate, disrupt. 3. To carve by turning on a lathe TC.Note: Root given as dkrug < *b-krug (Chang 1971: v.6).Note: Compare dkrog. dkrum Present:dkrumLZ, DK, DS, TC.Past:dkrumsLZ, DK, DS, TC.Future:dkrumLZ, DK, DS, TC.Imperative:dkrumsLZ, DK, DS, TC.Voluntary: DS, TC.Transitive:DS, TC.Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).Characteristic Example:cong zhi sogs. LZ.Meaning: To break; to crack DK. To break into bits DS. To break (fragile objects) TC. dkrog Present:dkrog LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. dkrogsCD.Past:dkrogsLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. Future:dkrogLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.Imperative:dkrogsLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. - ND.Voluntary:ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). Involuntary:ND.Transitive:DS, TC.Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).Active of:skrog(Chang 1971: v.6). Causative of:'khrog (Gyurme 1992: 258) [Duff].Characteristic Example:zho sogsLZ. sto dang bya sogs(dkrogs) NDB.zho dang bya sogs(dkrogs) NDA. zho (-) ND.Meaning: 1. To churn; to agitate, mingle, trouble. 2. To rouse; scare up; to wag, e.g. the tail (Ja) CD. To stir up; to churn; to give a feeling of surprise to; to disturb; to open. DK. 1. To stir, churn. 2. To startle, surprise DS. 1. To churn, agitate, stir. 2. To disturb TC.Note: Root given as dkrog < b-krog (Chang 1971: v.6). Note: Compare dkrug dkrol dkrol LZ, DK, TC. give as the present to 'khrol1 bkan Present:bkanLZ, ND, CD, DS, TC.Past:bkandLZ, ND. bkan[DS], TC. Future:bkanLZ, ND. [DS]. TC.Imperative:bkandLZ, ND. -ND.bkanTC.Voluntary: ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003). Involuntary:NDTransitive:DS, TC.Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).Characteristic Example:lus dang thal mo sogsLZ. lag par sogs(bkand) NDB.lag pa sogs(bkand) NDA.lag pas(-) ND. Meaning: 1. To up-root, turn up anything by applying a stick at its foot or root. 2. To bend. 3. To put; to press; to apply (Ja). 4. To hold fast; to extend (Cs). CD. 1. To raise up. 2. To firmly press DS. 1. To turn face upwards. 2. To hold firmly, to press down. 3. To neglect TC . bku Present:bku LZ, CD, DS, TC. kud ND.Past:bkusLZ, CD, ND, DS, TC.Future:bkuLZ, ND, DS, TC.Imperative:kusLZ, ND. bkus DS, TC.Voluntary:LZ, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).Transitive:DS, TC.Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).Resultative of:skudNWH.Denominative of: khu ba 'juice'NWHCharacteristic Example:sman gyi khu ba sogsLZ. sman dang snum sogsND.Meaning: To make extract of a drug by drawing out the juice CD. To extract juice by boiling DS.To extract a medicinal infusion TC. bkur Present:bkurLZ, CD, DS, TC.'khurND, DKPast:bkurdLZ, ND, DK. bkur [DS], TC.Future:bkurLZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.Imperative:bkurLZ, TC.khurd ND, DK.Voluntary: TC.Transitive:DS, TC.Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).Characteristic Example:mchog dang gong duLZ.gtsug tu ND.Meaning: I. To pay homage or reverence; to esteem. 2. To slander, to blaspheme CD. To respect, venerate DK. To respect DS.To make offering, serve, respect TC. bkur bkur CD gives as a present to 'khur bkong1 Present:bkongLZ, DS, TC. kongDK.Past:bkongsLZ, DK. bkong[DS], TC.Future:bkongLZ, DK, [DS], TC.Imperative:bkongLZ, TC. kongsDK.Voluntary: TC.Transitive:DS, TC. Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).Characteristic Example:sba sogsLZ. Meaning: To break the pride of somebody; to cause to become a coward DK. To discourage, intimidate, humble DS. To frighten, intimidate, discourage TC.Note: Compare 'khong and 'gong bkong2 Present:bkongDS.Past:bkong[DS].Future:bkong[DS].Intransitive:DS Meaning: To be wrinkled DS. bkon bkon LZ, TC. give as the present of 'khon. bkol bkol LZ, TC. give as the present of 'khol3 bkyon Present:bkyonLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.Past:bkyondLZ, DK. bkyon[DS], TC.Future:bkyonLZ, DK, [DS], TC.Imperative:bkyonLZ, TC. bkyondDK.Voluntary: TC.Transitive:DS, TC. Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).Characteristic Example:tshig gam bkasLZ.Meaning: To beat, to chastise CD. To scold; to admonish DK. (honorific) To speak roughly to someone DS. (honorific) To scold, reprimand TC. bkra Present:bkraND.Past:bkra[ND].Meaning: To be beautiful, clear, multicolored (CD, TC list as an adjective). bkrags Past (?):bkrags(Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228).Voluntary:(Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228).Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228).Meaning: To roast, grill (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228).Note: (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228) imply a connection to sreg bkrab Present:krabsLZ. bkrabCD, DS, TC.Past:bkrabsLZ.CD, DS, TC. Future:bkrabLZ.DS, TC.Imperative:krobsLZ. bkrabsDS. bkrobs TC.Voluntary:DS, TC. Transitive:DS, TC.Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).Characteristic Example:'khor dang grogs sogsLZ.Meaning: To choose or select from among many CD. (archaic) To select from among many DS. To choose, select TC. bkral Present:bkralCD, TC. 'grel DK.Past:bkralTC. bkrald DK.Future:bkralDK, TC. Imperative:bkrolTC. 'greld DK.Voluntary:TC.Transitive:TC.Denominative of: khral 'tax'NWH.Meaning: To appoint CD. To share tax payment DK. To impose (a tax) TC. bkri bkri LZ, CD (archaic), TC. give as the present of 'khrid1 bkrug bkrug(Chang 1971: v.6), (Ja) give as an alternate or erroneous present to dkrug. bkres Present:bkresCD (archaic), DK, TC.Past:bkresDK, TC.Future:bkresDK, TC. Imperative:bkresDK. - TC.Involuntary:TC.Intransitive:TC.Syntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).Denominative of:bkres 'hunger' NWH.Meaning: To be hungry CD, TC. To feel hungry DK. bkros Present:bkrosCD, DK.Past:bkrosDK.Future:bkrosDK.Imperative:bkrosDK.Meaning: To choose; to select. CD, DK. rkam Present:brkamLZ, [CD], TC. rkomND. rkam[CD (archaic)], DK, DS. Past:brkamLZ, TC. brkamsND, DK, DS.Future:brkamLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.Imperative:brkam LZ. rkams DK. rkoms ND, DS. - TC.Voluntary:ND, DS.Involuntary:TC.Intransitive:DS, TC.Syntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).Characteristic Example:zas nor sogs laLZ.'dod laND.Meaning:To desire, long for (as a child for sweets) DS. To be attached to, to yearn forTC. rku Present:rkuTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Past:brkusTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Future:brkuTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Imperative:rkusTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Voluntary:TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).Transitive:DS, TC.Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).Denominative of:rkun ma'thief'NWH.Characteristic Example:gzhan gyi nor sogsTD. gzhan nor sogs LZ. rkun ma ND. Meaning: To steal; to rob. CD. To steal; to take away unlawfully DK. To steal, to take by sleight the property of another which has not been given or paid for TC. rko Present:rkoKYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. rkodCD.Past:brkos KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Future:brkoKYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.Imperative:rkosKYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Voluntary:KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).Intransitive:DS, TC.Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).Denominative of: rka 'furrow' (Beyer 1992: 112 n.11).Characteristic Example:khron pa sogsTD. sa dang dpar sogs LZ. sa drang spar sogs ND.Meaning: 1. To dig, dig out; to hoe. 2. To engrave; turn up; till CD. To inscribe; to dig; to engrave; to print DK. To dig (a hole in the ground &c.) DS 1. To dig, excavate. 2. To carve out letters and designs (in stone, wood &c.) TC. rkon Present:rkonDK.Past:brkondDK.Future:brkonDK.Imperative:rkondDK.Denominative of:rkon 'a net, trap' NWH.Meaning: To trap or catch in a trap. DKNote: From colloquial data (Chang 1971: vii.16) hypothesizes a verb *bskon 'to cause to get caught, hung up i.e. to hang on a peg' as the causative of *khon or *'khon 'to get caught, hung up'. Perhaps DK confirms her hypothesis. rkom rkom ND. gives as the present of rkam rkyag rkyag (CD). gives as a present to skyag rkyal Present:rkyalLZ, CD, DS, TC.Past:brkyalLZ. rkyalDS, TC.Future:rkyalLZ, DS, TC.Imperative:rkyoldLZ. rkyol DS, TC.Voluntary:LZ, DS, TC.Transitive:DS, TC.Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).Characteristic Example:chu boLZ.Meaning: To swim, to amuse oneself by swimming (Ja) CD. To swim DS, TC. rkyong Present:rkyongTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Past:brkyangsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Future:brkyangTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Imperative:rkyongsTD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.Voluntary:TD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).Transitive:DS, TC.Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).Denominative of: rkang 'foot' (Beyer 1992: 84 n. 15).Characteristic Example:yan lag sogsTD. zhabs sogs LZ. yan lag ND. Meaning: To stretch, extend, stretch forth (one's hands to a person), put out (the tongue); spread; distend (the wings, a curtain) CD. To stretch out one's arms; to extend DK. To extend, stretch (the feet, hands &c.) DS. To stretch, spread out, extend TC.Note: Related to rgyong(Duff). lkugs Present:lkug DK. lkugs DS, TC. Past:lkugsDK, [DS], TC.Future:lkug DK. lkugs[DS]. TC. Imperative:lkugsDK. - TC.Involuntary:TC, (Hoshi 2003).Intransitive:DS, TC.Syntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).Denominative of:lkug 'dumb, mute' NWH.Meaning: To become foolish; to become dumb DK. To become unable to speak clearly DS. To be dumb, to be unable to talk, to loose one's voice TC. skad Present:skadCD, DS.Past:skad[DS].Future:skad[DS].Transitive:DS.Denominative of: skad 'language, speech' NWH.Meaning: To say, tell, relate CD. The written equivalent of zhes and zer which mark the end of quoted speech DS. skam Present:skamDK, (Gyurme 1992: 258), (Hoshi 2003).Past:bskamsDK.skam(Hoshi 2003).Future:bskamDK.Imperative:skamsDK.Involuntary:(Hoshi 2003).Intransitive:(Gyurme 1992: 249).Meaning: To make thirsty DK. To dry up, dry out (Gyurme 1992: 249), (Hoshi 2003).Note: Compare skem skar Present:skarCD.Past:bskarCD.Imperative:skorCD.Voluntary:CD.Meaning: To hang up; to weigh. CD. sku sku DK gives as an alternate present to skud. skug Present:skugDS, TC.Past:bskugsDS, TC. Future:bskugDS, TC.Imperative:skugsDS, TC. Involuntary:DS, TC. Intransitive:DS, TC. Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).Meaning: For the winner not comply with the game of taking wealth, after a dispute over victory and defeat DS. To make a bet, to bet, to gambol TC. skung Present:skungLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Past:bskungsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Future:bskungLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Imperative:bskungsLZ, ND, DS, TC.Voluntary: ND, DS, TC.Transitive:DS, TC.Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).Characteristic Example:dben pa sogs suLZ. sbed pa'i ND.Meaning: To hide in the ground, to bury, to inter CD. To hide; to keep secret DK. 1. To hide away. 2. To write the symbol 'X' as a substitute for following words which are repeated in lines of verse, or other expression DS. To hide, conceal TC. skud Present:skudTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sku DK. Past:bskusTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Future:bskuTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Imperative:skusTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Voluntary:TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).Transitive:DS, TC.Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).Causative of:bkuNWH.Characteristic Example:snu ma sogs.TD, ND. sman sogs LZ. Meaning: To smear, to besmear; to daub CD. To anoint; to apply oil or ointment DK. To put (dye, oil &c.) on the surface of something DS. To apply, put on, cover, smear TC. skum Present:skumTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Past:bskumsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Future:bskumTDTD seems to have dskum bya as the future, but bskum must be meant., LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Imperative:skumsTD, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. skum LZ. Voluntary:TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).Transitive:DS, TC.Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).Causative of: 'khum(Chang 1971: v.i), (Gyurme 1992: 258), (Beyer 1992: 116).Characteristic Example:yan lag sogsTD, LZ. rkang lag sogs LZ.Meaning: To contract; to be drawn up; to be paralyzed CD. To withdraw, to draw in; to make shorter or smaller; to contract; to conceal DK. The opposite of produce, extend DS. 1. To contract, bend, pull in. 2. To conceal, to obfuscate TC. skur Present:skurKYN, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Past:bskurdKYN, [CD], ND, DK, bskur DS, TC.Future:bskurKYN, ND, DK, DS, TC. Imperative:skurdKYN, ND, DK, skur DS, TC.Voluntary:KYN, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hoshi 2003).Transitive:DS, TC.Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).Causative of:'khur(Gyurme 1992: 259). Characteristic Example:dbang dang 'ganND.Meaning: To bestow, give, send CD. To make someone carry; to send; to cause to venerate on, to make someone pay respect DK. 1. To deliver to the place of delivery by entrusting (a thing, letter &c.) with another person, post office. 2. For something to be carried (on the water, wind &c.) DS. 1. To send, dispatch. 2. To give, bestow, entrust, assign TC. skul Present:skul KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Past:bskuldKYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK. bskul CD, DS, TC.Future:bskulKYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Imperative:skuldKYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK. skul DS, TC. Voluntary: KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).Transitive:DS, TC.Syntax: [Erg. Abs] (Hackett 2003).Characteristic Example:chos bskul sogs.TD thug rgyud las sogs la LZ. las la dang dge la ND.Meaning: To excite; to exhort, admonish, enjoin CD. To induce; exhort, urge; to request to do something; to persuade DK. To motivate, incite DS. 1. To induce, compel, persuade. 2. To incite, motivate TC. skem1 Present:skemTD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. skemsND.skamDK.Past:bskamsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Future:bskamTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Imperative:skomsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. skems DK. skams DK. Voluntary:TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).Intransitive:DS, TC.Syntax: [Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).Denominative of: skem, skam 'dry' NWH.Characteristic Example:chu sogsTD, NDNDB is unclear, []lu sogs?. gos gsher ba dang me tog sogs LZ. Meaning: To make dry, to dry up CD. To dry DK. To make fewer, to dehydrate DS. . To dry out, to dry TC. skem2 Present:skemsND. skem DS.Past:bskamsND, DS.Future:bskamND, DS.Imperative:-ND, DS. Involuntary:ND, DS.Transitive:DS.Denominative of: skem, skam 'dry' NWH.Characteristic Example:khaNDA, kha sogsNDB.Meaning: To wilt (of plants), become dry DS. sko Present:skoTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. Past:bskosTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. Future:bskoTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. Imperative:skosTD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. Voluntary:TD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).Transitive:DS, TC.Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).Characteristic Example:dpon gyog sogsTD.las sne sogsLZ.rgyal sarND.Meaning: To select; to appoint, nominate, commission, charge CD. To appoint DK. For leaders or people to give responsibility to a person for a task DS. To appoint. 2. To be determined by the power of past deeds TC.Note:(Uray 1972: 19) connects this verb with mkhos/khos/khod 'institution, administration, settlement of the state' along with the verbs, 'khod, and 'god. skong1 Present:skongKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. Past:bskangsKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. Future:bskangKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. Imperative:skongsKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. Voluntary:KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC. Transitive:DS, TC.Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).Denominative of: skang ba 'satisfaction' (Rona-Tas 1985: 179).Characteristic Example:thugs dam sogsTD.thugs dam dang re ba sogsLZ.thugs damND.Meaning: To fulfill CD. To complete; to add; to satisfy, fulfill a wish DK. 1. To fulfill. 2. To make up a deficiency; to supplement TC. skong2 Present:skongTC.Past:bskongsTC.Future:bskongTC.Imperative:skongsTC.Voluntary:TC, (Hoshi 2003).Transitive:TC.Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).Meaning: To summon, convene TC. skon Present:skonKYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Past:bskondKYN, LZ, ND, DK.bskonCD, DS, TC.Future:bskonKYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Imperative:skondKYN, LZ, ND, DK.skonCD, DS, TCVoluntary:KYN, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).Transitive:DS, TC.Syntax: [Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).Causative of:gon(Chang 1971: vii.16, see note) (Gyurme 1992: 259). gyon (Gyurme 1992: 259) (Duff) 'khon(Chang vii.16, see note)Characteristic Example:khrab rmog lta bu sogsLZ.gos sogsND.Meaning: To dress; to clothe another person CD. To make someone put on a dress or an ornament DK. 1. To make someone wear (wools, a hat &c.). 2. To cause an action similar to the wearing of hats or clothes (e.g. bridle a horse, tie a rope around a calf's neck) DS. To dress, put on clothes, to cover TC.Note:Written Tibetan skon, bskon, bskon 'to dress, to clothe another person': gon 'to put on (clothes, shoes)' appears to be an example of the devoicing caused by s similar to spub, 'bub. Our spoken Tibetan data, however, does not confirm this meaning of skon, suggesting rather two bases, *kon 'to get caught', and *gon 'to get dressed' (Chang 1971: viii.15). skom Present:skomDS, TC. Past:skom[DS]. skoms TC.Future:skom[DS], TC.Imperative: -TC.Involuntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).Intransitive: DS, TC.Syntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).Denominative of:skom 'dry' NWH.Meaning: For a desire to drink to arise when the liquid of the body is depleted DS. To suffer because the wetness within the mouth has dried TC.Note: Compare skam and skem. skor1 Present:skorTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Past:bskordTD, LZ, ND, DK.bskorCD, DS, TC.Future:bskorTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Imperative:skordTD, LZ, ND, DK. skor DS, TC.Voluntary:TD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hoshi 2003).Transitive:DS, TC, (Gyurme 1992: 247).Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).Causative of:'khor(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).Characteristic Example:chos 'khor sogsTD.lha khang dang rten laLZ.'khor barND.Meaning: 1. To fill with; to surround, encircle, enclose, besiege; to come again and again; to revolve. 2. To traverse, ride round a thing. 3. To circumambulate CD. To turn round; to turn a wheel; to take a round; to encircle, surround DK. 1. To make something turn around the circumference of a center. 2. To lead, take control. 3. To encircle, surround. 4. To change directions, shift allegiances. 5. To trick, mislead DS. 1. To turn around, rotate. 2. To surround, encircle TC.Note:(Beyer 1992: 83) suggest that skyor is a palatalized version of this verb, however skor has the root vowel o and skyor the root vowel a, so his analysis is unlikely. skor2 Present:skorDS, TC.Past:bskorDS, TC.Future:bskorDS, TC.Imperative: skorDS, TC.Voluntary: DS, TC.Intransitive: DS. Voluntary: TC.Meaning: To go, wander, roam, loaf DS. To wander, to roam, to move about TC.Note: In Situ's great commentary only bskor and not skor is given DS. skol Present:skolLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Past:bskoldLZ, ND, DK.bskolCD, DS, TC.Future:bskolLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Imperative:skoldLZ, ND, DK. skolDS, TC.Voluntary: ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306), (Hoshi 2003).Transitive:DS, TC.Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306), (Hackett 2003).Causative of:'kholCD, (Chang 1971: v.1), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116).Characteristic Example:za sogsLZ.za dang chuNDB.za dang chu sogsNDA.Meaning: To boil CD, DK, TC. skya Present:skyasLZ. skyaCD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Past:bskyasLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Future:bskyaLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.Imperative:skyosND, DS, TC. skyasLZ, DK.Voluntary:ND, DS, TC.Transitive:DS, TC.Syntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).Characteristic Example:gzhi dang rus pa sogsLZ. 'pho ba'iND.Meaning: 1. To carry; convey to a place (a quantity of stones, wood, water, &c.). 2. To change place CD. To move one's residence or dwelling; to migrate, transfer DK. 1. To move, to move from one place to another, to migrate. 2. (archaic) To deliver, convey TC. skyag Present:skyagCD. rkyag(CD).Past:bskyogsCD.Future:bskyagCD.Imperative: skyogCD.Meaning: 1.