Ultrasound Imaging Joa˜o Miguel Sanches (cid:129) Andrew F. Laine Jasjit S. Suri Editors Ultrasound Imaging Advances and Applications 123 Editors Joa˜oMiguelSanches AndrewF.Laine DepartmentofBioengineering DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering InstituteforSystemsandRobotics ColumbiaUniversity InstitutoSuperiorTe´cnico NewYork TechnicalUniversityofLisbon USA Lisboa Portugal [email protected] JasjitS.Suri BiomedicalTechnologies,Inc. Denver,CO,USA and IdahoStateUniversity(Affiliated) Pocatello,ID,USA [email protected] ISBN978-1-4614-1179-6 e-ISBN978-1-4614-1180-2 DOI10.1007/978-1-4614-1180-2 SpringerNewYorkDordrechtHeidelbergLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011939302 ©SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2012 Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewritten permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY10013, USA),except forbrief excerpts inconnection with reviews orscholarly analysis. Usein connectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware, orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyare notidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubject toproprietaryrights. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Diagnostic and therapeuticUltrasound has recently taken an explosivegrowth for bettersafer,economic,mobileandhighqualityhealthcare.Thistechnologyisvery appealing for medical applications because it is non-ionizing,non-invasiveand is availableinmostofthemedicalandclinicalfacilities.Itslowcost,whencompared withothermedicalimagemodalities,makesitoneofthepreferredtoolsformedical monitoring, follow-up and diagnosis. Besides the traditional fields of cardiology and obstetrics, where it is extensivelyused for long time, it has becomealso very usefulinthediagnosisofdiseasesoftheprostate,liverandcoronariesandcarotids atherosclerosis. However,Ultrasoundimagespresentpoorquality,verylowsignaltonoiseratio and a lot of artifacts. The extraction of useful information from Ultrasound data for diagnosis is a challenge task that makes this medical image modality a very activefieldofresearch.Thedifficultiesarebeingovercomeandnovelandadvanced methods are being proposed for detection, characterization and segmentation of abnormalities in several organs. In fact, Ultrasound application range is vast, coveringalmostallorgans,includingthebrainwhereTranscranialDoppler(TCD) Ultrasoundisveryimportanttoassessthebrainvasculature. ThisbookpresentssomeoftherecentadvancesinUltrasoundimagingtechnol- ogy covering several organs and techniques in a Biomedical Engineering (BME) perspective.Thefocusofthebookisinthealgorithms,methodologiesandsystems developed by multidisciplinary research teams of engineers and physicians for Computer-AidedDiagnosis(CAD)purposes. Cardiovascularandcancer,themostcommonlife-threateningdiseasesinwestern countries, are two of the most important topics focused in the book. However, otheradvancedissuesarealsopresentedsuchasIntravascularUltrasound(IVUS), 3D and 4D Ultrasound and Ultrasound in Computer-Aided Surgery (CAS). Some chapters are direct contributions from medical research groups where Ultrasound hasalsoreceivedgreatattentioninthelastdecade.Bythis,newtechniquesbasedon Ultrasoundwere introducedin the clinicalpracticefor diagnosisandtherapeutics, mainlyinhospitalfacilities. v vi Preface Main Feature oftheBook The book contains 14 chapters distributed by 3 sections. It covers a wide range of topics from the physics and statistics associated with the Ultrasound data, in a signalprocessingpointofview,uptohighlevelapplicationtoolsforCADbasedon Ultrasound. Section1: ImageFormationandPreprocessing Inthissectiontheimageformationprocessisaddressedandnewstatisticalmodels describingtheultrasonicsignalareproposed.ReductionofUltrasoundnoise,called de-speckling,andtexturalcharacterizationoftissuesareconsidered. Section2: UltrasoundAtheroscleroticPlaqueImaging Here,theimportantproblemofatheroscleroticplaquecharacterizationisaddressed. Methodsto assess theseverityofthe disease aredescribed,suchasmeasuringthe Intima/MediaThickness(IMT),aswellasnewscorestoquantifytheriskofvascular accident. Section3: AdvancedApplications Thissectioncoversawiderangeofapplicationsinvolvingmorphologicalandtex- turalsegmentationofstructuresfromultrasoundimages.Detectionandcharacteri- zationoffocallesionsinthethyroid,breastandprostateandtexturalcharacterization ofdiffusediseasesoftheliverarethemaintopics. Contents PartI ImageFormationandPreprocessing RFUltrasoundEstimationfromB-ModeImages ............................ 3 Jose´ SeabraandJoa˜oMiguelSanches ARayleighMixtureModelforIVUSImaging................................ 25 Jose´ Seabra,FrancescoCiompi,PetiaRadeva, andJoa˜oMiguelSanches UltrasoundDespeckleMethods................................................. 49 SimoneBalocco,CarloGatta,JosepaMauriFerre´, andPetiaRadeva UltrasoundSpeckle/DespeckleImageDecompositionforTissue Analysis ........................................................................... 73 Jose´ SeabraandJoa˜oMiguelSanches PartII UltrasoundPlaqueImaging MediaandIntimaThicknessandTextureAnalysis oftheCommonCarotidArtery................................................. 99 ChristosP.Loizou,MariosPantzaris,andConstantinosS.Pattichis CAUDLES-EF:CarotidAutomatedUltrasoundDoubleLine ExtractionSystemUsingEdgeFlow........................................... 129 Filippo Molinari, Kristen M. Meiburger, Guang Zeng, AndrewNicolaides,andJasjitS.Suri ActivityIndex:ATooltoIdentifyActiveCarotidPlaques.................. 163 Lu´ısMendesPedro,IsabelGonc¸alves,RuyFernandeseFernandes, Jose´Seabra,Joa˜oMiguelSanches,andJose´FernandeseFernandes vii viii Contents CoronaryAtheroscleroticPlaqueCharacterization ByIntravascularUltrasound ................................................... 177 FrancescoCiompi,OriolPujol,JosepaMauriFerre´, andPetiaRadeva Three-DimensionalUltrasoundPlaqueCharacterization................... 203 Jose´ Seabra,JasjitS.Suri,andJoa˜oMiguelSanches PartIII UltrasoundAdvancedApplications Real-Time4DCardiacSegmentationbyActiveGeometricFunctions..... 225 QiDuan,AndrewF.Laine,andJasjitS.Suri ClassificationandStagingofChronicLiverDiseaseBased onUltrasound,Laboratorial,andClinicalData.............................. 255 RicardoRibeiro,RuiTatoMarinho,JasjitS.Suri, andJoa˜oMiguelSanches AssessmentofBoneHealingUsingUltrasound............................... 283 HasanAl-NashashandNasserN.Qaddoumi Image-GuidedCryoablationoftheProstate .................................. 299 SutchinR.Patel,GyanPareek,andJasjitS.Suri Applications of Multiscale OvercompleteWavelet-Based RepresentationsinIntravascularUltrasound(IVUS)Images .............. 313 AminKatouzian,ElsaAngelini,BernhardSturm,ElisaKonofagou, StephaneG.Carlier,andAndrewF.Laine Erratum........................................................................................................... E1 AuthorIndex...................................................................... 337 SubjectIndex..................................................................... 349 BiographiesoftheEditors ...................................................... 357 Contributors Al-Nashash,Hasan AmericanUniversityofSharjah,UAE,[email protected] Angelini, Elsa Associate Professor of Computer Science: Image & Sig- nal Processing, Telecom ParisTech, 46 rue Barrault, 75013 Paris, France, [email protected] Balocco, Simone Computer Vision Center, Campus UAB, Edifici O, Bellaterra, Spain UniversityofBarcelona,GranViadeLesCortesCatalanes,585,08007Barcelona, Spain,[email protected] Carlier,StephaneG. UZBrussel,DepartmentofCardiology,Brussels,Belgium, [email protected] Ciompi,Francesco ComputerVisionCenter,CampusUAB,EdificiO,Bellaterra, Spain UniversityofBarcelona,GranViadeLesCortesCatalanes,585,08007Barcelona, Spain,[email protected] Duan,Qi NationalInstituteofNeurologicalDisordersandStroke,NationalInsti- tutesofHealth,10CenterDrive,Building10,RoomB1D728,MSC1065,Bethesda, MD20892-1065,USA,[email protected] Fernandes e Fernandes, Jose´ Instituto Cardiovascularde Lisboa and Faculty of Medicine,UniversityofLisbon,Portugal,[email protected] Fernandes e Fernandes, Ruy Instituto Cardiovascular de Lisboa and Faculty of Medicine,UniversityofLisbon,Portugal,[email protected] Ferre´, Josepa Mauri Hospital universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera de Canyets/n.08916Badalona,Spain,[email protected] Gatta,Carlo ComputerVisionCenter,CampusUAB,EdificiO,Bellaterra,Spain UniversityofBarcelona,GranViadeLesCortesCatalanes,585,08007Barcelona, Spain,[email protected] ix x Contributors Gonc¸alves,Isabel DepartmentofClinicalSciences,ExperimentalCardiovascular Research Unit, Lund University, Malmo University Hospital, Malmo, Sweden, [email protected] Katouzian, Amin Heffner Biomedical Imaging Lab, Biomedical Engineering Department, Columbia University, 1210 Amsterdam Ave., 373 Eng. Terrace, NewYork,NY10027,[email protected] Konofagou,Elisa AssociateProfessorofBiomedicalEngineeringandRadiology, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, 8904 New York, NY 10027, [email protected] Laine, Andrew F. Vice-Chair, Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology(Physics),351EngineeringTerraceMC-8904,BiomedicalEngineering Department,1210AmsterdamAvenue,ColumbiaUniversity,MC-8904NewYork, NY10027,[email protected] Loizou, Christos P. Department of Computer Science, School of Sciences, Intercollege,92AyiasPhylaxeosStr.,P.O.Box51604,CY-3507,Limassol,Cyprus, [email protected] Marinho,RuiTato LiverUnit,DepartmentofGastroenterologyandHepatology, Hospital de Santa Maria, Medical School of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal, [email protected] Meiburger,KristenM. Biolab,DepartmentofElectronics,PolitecnicodiTorino, CorsoDucadegliAbruzzi,24,10129Torino,Italy,[email protected] Molinari,Filippo Biolab,DepartmentofElectronics,PolitecnicodiTorino,Corso DucadegliAbruzzi,24,10129Torino,Italy,fi[email protected] Nicolaides,Andrew VascularScreeningandDiagnosticCentre,London,UK Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus, [email protected] Pantziaris,Marios CyprusInstituteofNeurologyandGenetics,Nicosia,Cyprus, [email protected] Pareek, Gyan Division of Urology, Section of Minimally Invasive Urologic Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, 2 Dudley Street, Suite 174, Providence, RI 02905, USA, gyan [email protected] Patel, Sutchin R. Division of Urology, Section of Minimally Invasive Urologic Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, 2 Dudley Street, Suite 174, Providence, RI 02905, USA, sutchin [email protected] Pattichis, Constantinos S. Department of Computer Science, University of Cyprus,Nicosia,Cyprus,[email protected]