Uncommon Defense Un c o m m o n D e f e n s e Indian Allies in the Black Hawk War John W. Hall Harvard University Press Cambridge,Massachusetts,andLondon,England 2009 Copyright©2009bythePresidentandFellowsofHarvardCollege all rights reserved PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Hall,JohnW.,1972– Uncommondefense:IndianalliesintheBlackHawkWar/JohnW.Hall.—1sted. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-674-03518-8(cloth:alk.paper) 1.BlackHawkWar,1832. 2.BlackHawk,Saukchief,1767–1838. 3.IndiansofNorthAmerica—Governmentrelations—1789–1869. I.Title. E83.83.H3352009 973.5′6—dc22 2009016110 For Heidi Contents Introduction 1 1. RootsofConflict 13 2. ANewOnontio 35 3. AMountingStorm 70 4. CrisisontheUpperMississippi 98 5. EverythingtoLose 120 6. Warpath 145 7. FinalBlows 180 8. LosingthePeace 206 9. AnIndianWar 237 Epilogue 257 Notes 265 Acknowledgments 347 Index 349 Americanoccupationofthepaysd’enhaut,1796–1831