H SINCE MARCEL DUCHAMP created his A readymades a century ago, the practice of M I UNCOMMON incorporating commodity objects into art has L T become ever more pervasive. Warehouse- O sized installations now overwhelm viewers N GOODS with everyday detritus; expansive new forms F A of relational art catalyze and deconstruct R everyday consumer and worker situations; IS media spaces resound with appropriated and remixed images of global consumption. Jaimey Hamilton Faris discusses the artists who have popularized these forms— Ai Weiwei, Takashi Murakami, Thomas Hirschhorn, Santiago Sierra, subRosa, Superflex, and more. Since trade liberalization in the nineties, these artists have become interested in the ways in which everything from plastic and cloth, to information, labor, and land have been defined and maintained as commodities. On a sensate level, their U works explore the complex negotiations they have with the commodity world’s fantastic N and continuous becoming. They also register C prevalent concerns about international O migrant labor, outsourced manufacturing, access to and privatization of natural M resources, and the ethics of intellectual M copyright. Jaimey Hamilton Faris argues that these artists strategically emphasize O our material world in order to invite viewers N to take another look at the hidden ethical dimensions of ordinary things. Just what kind G of “common” global community have we O created with our international flow of goods? O JAIMEY HAMILTON FARIS is a contemporary art critic, historian, and aesthetic theorist. D She is Associate Professor of Contemporary S Art and Critical Theory at the University of Hawai`i, Manoa, and Director of the Intersections Visiting Artist and Scholar GLOBAL DIMENSIONS Program. She has published in Art Journal, OF THE READYMADE October, and In_Visible Culture. She also runs an occasional pop-up culture salon in Honolulu, [OFF]hrs, which advocates for art intellect | www.intellectbooks.com as a lived and “applied” critical culture. BY JAIMEY HAMILTON FARIS Uncommon Goods 05725_FM_pi-xii.indd 1 7/12/13 3:59:53 PM 05725_FM_pi-xii.indd 2 7/12/13 3:59:53 PM Uncommon Goods Global Dimensions of the Readymade Jaimey Hamilton Faris intellect Bristol, UK / Chicago, USA 05725_FM_pi-xii.indd 3 7/12/13 3:59:53 PM First published in the UK in 2013 by Intellect, The Mill, Parnall Road, Fishponds, Bristol, BS16 3JG, UK First published in the USA in 2013 by Intellect, The University of Chicago Press, 1427 E. 60th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Copyright © 2013 Intellect Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Cover designer: Holly Rose Copy-editor: Macmillan Production manager: Tim Mitchell Typesetting: Contentra Technologies Print ISBN: 978-1-84150-572-5 ePUB ISBN: 978-1-78320-080-1 ePDF ISBN: 978-1-78320-079-5 Printed and bound by Hobbs, UK 05725_FM_pi-xii.indd 4 7/12/13 3:59:53 PM Table of Contents Acknowledgments vii Preface ix Introduction: Materializing the Commodity Situation, or Toward the Affectual Readymade 1 Chapter 1: Of Kula Rings and Commodity Chains 21 Chapter 2: Common Goods 47 Chapter 3: Apparel 73 Chapter 4: Digital Media 101 Chapter 5: Labor and Services 129 Chapter 6: Land and Natural Resources 157 Conclusion 187 Bibliography 193 05725_FM_pi-xii.indd 5 7/12/13 3:59:54 PM 05725_FM_pi-xii.indd 6 7/12/13 3:59:54 PM Acknowledgments I would like to thank my advisors and mentors who, over the course of my academic career, have encouraged and deepened my desire to explore a materialist approach to art and visual culture: Yve-Alain Bois, Victor Burgin, James Clifford, Peter Galison, Patricia Hills, Michael Leja, Caroline A. Jones, Catherine Soussloff, and Elizabeth Sussman. I’d also like to thank my many friends and colleagues who have been important sounding boards, moral barometers, and astute critics, especially Virginia Anderson, Mary Babcock, Catherine Blais, Melanie Bonajo, Gaye Chan, Maura Caughlin, Mari Dumett, Haide Gaismar, Stephanie Mayer-Heydt, Michelle Lamuniere, Lian Lederman, Jason Lowe, Stacey McCarroll, Emily McIlroy, Kate Palmer, Dieter Runge, and Gregory Williams. Most especially, I’d like to thank Melanie Bonajo and Stacey McCarroll for taking the time to read multiple drafts of work in progress. My undergraduate and graduate students at University of Hawai`i at Mānoa and the Honolulu arts community have played a very important role in my decision to write on this subject. The constant and earnest questions I get about the validity of new expansive art forms have kept me on my toes and driven me to be clear and to the point in my explanations about art. Those in the arts community who have participated in my cultural forum, [OFF]/ hrs creative, and those who have invited me to participate in their own creative community endeavors continually remind me why the strategies described in this book are as important to practice as to theorize. This book would not be possible without the efforts of all the artists, philosophers, and art historians who have created the foundation for refreshing approaches to thinking about the commodity and material world. I hope the book reflects the importance of creative thinking that they have all taught me. I’d especially like to thank the artists, their representatives, galleries, and museum collections who have shared insights and information, and who have also given me permission to reproduce images for the book. I have tried wherever possible to locate and contact the relevant parties and copyright holders; I apologize in advance for any oversights in this regard. I would like to acknowledge the support of the University of Hawai`i Research Council for all of their support in the form of travel grants, the Junior Faculty Research Award, as well as the Technology, Innovation and Society Award. I’d also like to acknowledge the many 05725_FM_pi-xii.indd 7 7/22/13 2:52:08 PM Uncommon Goods universities and conferences that have hosted presentations of this research: UC Berkeley, University of Arizona, St. Andrew’s College, the Moderna Museet, AAH, CAA, and the Henry Moore Institute; as well as the many libraries, galleries, and museums that helped me gather materials and conduct archival research. Marion Cadora deserves my deep gratitude for her research assistance, as does Tim Mitchell, editor at Intellect, for his support on this project. I could not have gained the courage to write this particular book without my whole family. I most especially want to thank Miles and Simon, who helped me develop characters on Second Life and indulged my questions about Super Mario Bros., and my husband, Jason Faris, who has adopted artist Paul Chan’s “recklessly compassionate” attitude in spending many a night listening to my ideas and giving me even more. He helps me achieve the right balance between intellectual intensity, nonsensical play, and creative production. Lastly, I want to express my profound gratitude to Hawai`i, the ‘āina, the kai, and its mālama. I will be forever in awe of these important material forces in my life. viii 05725_FM_pi-xii.indd 8 7/12/13 3:59:54 PM Preface … [T]here remains … what happens to us and sweeps over us by the name of globalization, namely, the exponential growth of the globality (dare we say glomicity) of the market—of the circulation of everything in the form of commodity—and with it of the increasingly concentrated interdependence that ceaselessly weakens independencies and sovereignties [and also] … weakening an entire order of representations of belonging… Jean-Luc Nancy, The Creation of the World, 2007 It has been a productive challenge to write an introductory book on contemporary readymade practices that would appeal to a broad and critical audience. Despite its accruing history and heavily validated art historical pedigree, the readymade can still be mystifying to art viewers. I wanted to write a book that would address this—not by simply rehashing its history with new little twists, but by grappling with what I see as the very fundamental hurdle to understanding the readymade as a valid aesthetic form. That hurdle is simply this: As a commodity, an object is presented as transparent. It is what it is and has an apparently obvious function. Either buy it or don’t. In an art frame, that same object is often met with non-comprehension, if not a deep suspicion toward the artist who is seen to be pulling one over on the audience by presenting it as “art.” In other words, all a urinal salesman has to do is sell urinals. An artist who raises questions about the aesthetic condition of that urinal has a much harder task—both in the sense of explaining why the inquiry is necessary, and in the sense of engaging the aesthetic to speak of the political, social, and economic implications of that urinal’s very existence. Marcel Duchamp found this conundrum impossibly delicious, and deeply resonant with the technological age. He played the provocateur to great effect, even when he seemed to revert to the role of the traveling salesman (Marchand du Sel), who packed up his finely hand-crafted miniature readymade multiples in his green valise. The artists included in this book have endeavored to expand upon Duchamp’s initial moves and pose even more pointed questions about the contemporary commodity in aesthetic form. I have endeavored to find an equally complex, and hopefully useful, guide to introducing their delicate maneuverings. 05725_FM_pi-xii.indd 9 7/12/13 3:59:54 PM