UNDERSTANDING EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS USING MICROSOFT EXCEL1 AND SPSS1 UNDERSTANDING EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS USING MICROSOFT EXCEL1AND SPSS1 MARTINLEEABBOTT DepartmentofSociology SeattlePacificUniversity Seattle,Washington Copyright#2011byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformor byanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptas permittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteithertheprior writtenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeeto theCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,(978)750-8400, fax(978)750-4470,oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermission shouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken, NJ07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008,oronlineathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permission. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbestefforts inpreparingthisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyor completenessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesof merchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysales representativesorwrittensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitable foryoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaprofessionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthepublishernor authorshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedto special,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages. Forgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicesorfortechnicalsupport,pleasecontactour CustomerCareDepartmentwithintheUnitedStatesat(800)762-2974,outsidetheUnitedStates at(317)572-3993orfax(317)572-4002. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmay notbeavailableinelectronicformats.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visitourwebsiteat www.wiley.com. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData: ISBN:978-0-470-88945-9 PrintedinSingapore 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Tothosewhoseekadeeperunderstandingoftheworldasitappearsandofwhat liesbeyond. CONTENTS Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi 1 Introduction 1 ApproachoftheBook, 1 ProjectLabs, 2 Real-WorldData, 3 ResearchDesign, 3 “PracticalSignificance”—ImplicationsofFindings, 4 CoverageofStatisticalProcedures, 5 1 2 GettingAcquaintedwithMicrosoftExcel 7 DataManagement, 7 RowsandColumns, 8 DataSheets, 8 1 TheExcel Menus, 9 Home, 9 InsertTab, 9 PageLayout, 9 Formulas, 10 Data, 11 ReviewandViewMenus, 16 vii viii CONTENTS 1 3 UsingStatisticsinExcel 17 UsingStatisticalFunctions, 17 EnteringFormulasDirectly, 17 DataAnalysisProcedures, 20 1 MissingValuesand“0”ValuesinExcel Analyses, 20 1 UsingExcel withRealData, 20 School-LevelAchievementDatabase, 20 TAGLITData, 21 TheSTARClassroomObservationProtocolTMData, 22 1 4 SPSS Basics 23 1 UsingSPSS , 23 GeneralFeatures, 24 ManagementFunctions, 26 ReadingandImportingData, 26 Sort, 26 AdditionalManagementFunctions, 30 SplitFile, 30 Transform/Compute(CreatingIndices), 32 Merge, 34 AnalysisFunctions, 39 5 DescriptiveStatistics—CentralTendency 41 ResearchApplications—Spuriousness, 41 DescriptiveandInferentialStatistics, 44 TheNatureofData—ScalesofMeasurement, 44 NominalData, 45 OrdinalData, 46 IntervalData, 48 RatioData, 50 ChoosingtheCorrectStatisticalProcedurefortheNatureof ResearchData, 50 DescriptiveStatistics—CentralTendency, 51 Mean, 52 Median, 52 Mode, 54 1 1 UsingExcel andSPSS toUnderstandCentralTendency, 56 1 Excel , 56 1 SPSS , 58 Distributions, 61 DescribingtheNormalDistribution, 62 CentralTendency, 63 Skewness, 63