Universal Algebra Second Edition George Grätzer Universal Algebra Second Edition GeorgeGrätzer DepartmentofMathematics UniversityofManitoba Winnipeg,ManitobaR3T2N2 Canada [email protected] ISBN:978-0-387-77486-2 e-ISBN:978-0-387-77487-9 DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-77487-9 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008922052 MathematicsSubjectClassification(2000):08-01,08-02 ©2008,SecondEditionwithupdates,1979SecondEdition,SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC OriginallypublishedintheUniversitySeriesinHigherMathematics(D.VanNostrandCompany); editedbyM.H.Stone,L.Nirenberg,andS.S.Chern,1968 Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewritten permissionofthepublisher(SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC,233SpringStreet,NewYork, NY10013,USA)andtheauthor,exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarly analysis.Useinconnectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation, computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedis forbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarksandsimilarterms,evenifthey arenotidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyare subjecttoproprietaryrights. Printedonacid-freepaper. 987654321 springer.com