CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMEN/T Si x InrtoductIi oIn ThenDaa asn d AKrleitnhmuarn Viole-nPcreoAnreeo arI netrnatioTnraaslnii ton? AddingR otlohefeO utsiidnBe arlsk Vaionl ence SusLa.Wno o dwarI dI 9 ViolenacneVd i sion: TheP rosthaentAdie csst hoeftT eircrso r AlleFnel dmaIn 46 CircuimocnBio,sd Mya,s cuyl:i nit TheRi tuaWlou nd Caonldl ievVceiot lence DeepaMke htIa 79 TeacMhe H owt oB ea M an: An Exploroaftt hiDeoe nfi fliotfiM oasnc ulinity MamphRealmap hIe lew 2 OnN oBte comai" neTgr rorPirsotb"lo:ef Mm esm ory, Agnecy, Coamnmdu niitnty h Ser Lia nkCaonn flict jonathSapenn cer1 I2o TheG rouonfdA lMla king: StaVtioel ecr,et,h Fea mialnydP, o liicAtaclt ivists PameRlaey nolId sI4 I viiiC ONTENTS VieonlcSeu,ff ienrAgm,m an: TheW orokf O racilnSe rsLi a n'kEsaas teWranrZ one PatriLcaiwrean cIe I7 I TheA cotf W itnessing: X ViolenPcoei,s onoulsde gKn,eo waSnudjb eicvtAity' \-eenDaa sI 205 •T heV iolenocfEe vse ryLdiafye : TheM ulitpFloer masn dD ynamiScosc Vioioafll ence ArthKuleirmna n 1 226 Bodayn dS paicneaT imeC roifs is: SterilainzdRae tsieomtnet nldteu ritnhgEe m egrenicnyD elhi EmmaTa rlo I 242 TheQ uesfto Hru maOnr gaannsdt hVeio lenocfZe e al MargareLto cIk 2 I7 MayaMnu ltiucruallatinsdm Vtiohlee nocfMe e moires KaBy .W arren I 296 "*'RecocniliaantdMi eonm oyri nP ostwNairg eria MurraLya sIt 3I 5 MoodM,o menatn,dM ind E.V alentDiannei Ie l3 3 3 LISOTF C ONTRIBUTOIR S3 67 INDEXI 369 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In1 993t heed itwohroas r,me e mbseo rft hCeo mmtietoenC ult,Hu erael,t h andH umaDne evlopmoefn ttS hoieca Slc ieRnecsee aCrocuhn c(iNle w York,)p lanans eeidre osfv olumteoes x amianneto hproliocqgaule stoino ns three laotfiv ooilne ntcose t eastl,o lcc aommuniatnidie nsd,i viTdhuea ls. first SboocoSikuffa,eril n ge,x plotrhededi e ffrewnatyi snw hich lsf oorcciea } inflihcatrosmn i nvdiiduaanlcdso lilveictItinte ihsst,hs ee cobnodoi knt his seriweeo sff,e frou rteeesynss ta haetx pltohrreee labteiwtoenev noi lence ansdu jbeicvtiftryoa mno f-ftehc-eenrtp osiiotWhni.l teh meaj opra rotft he discuisdss eidoinc taowt headt bmead yec sribaesed x tresmiet uawtei ons, incleuxdpel oriantotti homeno ser s ubvtoillee nocfse csi ence satna.dt ethe Altlh ees yssaa ddrheoswvso i lenschea pseujsbet civaintdayff e cttsh cea pac­ ittyoe ngaegvee ryldiaTfyoeg .e thtehrec yo enstatg eogratphhamyta keas sharp dbiewvteies"niv oino lencaer-epaarnso"d"np ecee afualr e,aa"sn sdu g­ gestth astu cshh tohradneds icprtimoingsth hte msehlavvceeo stn ribtuot ed thseh apoifvno igl enicnte h peer segnlto bcaolen xtt. Wea rger autlte oft hSeo ciSacli eRnesceea rCcohu n(cSiSRl)C f oirst suppoofrt th ipsrj oecatn de spieacltloFy r anKke ssfeohlri gse nreously . offerehde lipnt hdeif efrepnhta soefts h perjoecWtet. h aDnika Cnoal bert anCda rrie Ntihteakisars a ifnsocitreno rganizmaattito,aen nrabdslo htD . ScoGtita mpetarnuJdzu zlLiia ek feo orve rseetihfineng a plrp earatoifo n the manuTshcjero ihpnta .nD Cd.a therMianceA rtFhouurn dagtaivoen T. genoeurs sufpoptroh ret SCSoRmCm tieteefo fratsa w hole. Thee syssai nt hivsol uwmeer e dfiirssctu isnsa se edm ineanirtt led "ViolePnoclei,At gieccnayal,n Sde lifnD' e lihnAi p r1i99l5 w,h iwcahs sup­ portebdyt hReaj viG andFhoiu nidoaAntb.i Hdu sisnae'ntsh usifaotsrhm e prjoecantdt hmea rlvoeuhso sapliiottyf tFhoeu ndamtaidoienat m em­o rabolccea sni.Woe a rger atteofS uhllai jnosihfior tlhoiegis cht elsphp er o- ix x ACKNOLWEDGMENTS vdiedA.b ovael la rwieen e dbtteod ptahret icfioptrah sneitt msu ladtiisn­g cusnssiU.on fortluyfn,oa vrta eriroeusaso ntsh,pe a pseb ryE laibzeKitshs , AchiMlbleebm eG,ya nenrdaP anedy<ftl,d LoiWca cquacnotu nlodb te included.t hWoiesp pttoaurkneit toey x proeusgrsr atittotu hdeefm o r themiarre vlocuosrn itbiuotntso otshdei ssciuosnCso.m mesnb tytw o anoynmourse vieowfte hrUesn viersoifCty a lifornwiearv eeP rhryeep lsfsu l inr evitshimena gn uscMroispittm .opr tahnabtse etnh pea itenocfet h e authfoorwrsh ,i wceha rter uglryau tleS.ft anley aHtto hlUewn viietrzso ifty CalifPorrenpsirsao vidtehdreg i hktni do fi mpuest btroi ngp rjtoehcteot compiloent. VeeanDas ArthKuleirnm an MamphRealam phele PameRlaey nolds Introduction �enDaa asn d Arthur Kleinman An ewp olitgiecoaglr aop{ht yh weo rlhda se mergeidnt hel asttw od ecades, inw hicwhh olaer eaasr em arkeodff a s" violencea-rperaossnu,eg" g esting thatth em oret raditsipoantadilia vli sicoonmsp,r ismientgr opolcietnatne rs andp eriphecroallo nioerss u,p erpowaenrdss a telsltiatteae rsen, o wl in­ guistiocbaslollyeT theev. i oleinnct eh esaer easse emtso b elontgoa n ew momenitn h istoirtcy e:r taciannlnyob teu ndersttohordo uegahr ltiheero ­ 'rioefcs o ntracvtiuoalle onrca ec lassificoafjt uisaotnn du njuwsatr fso,ir t s mostd isturfbeiantgu irste h aitth aso ccurrbeedt weseonc iaaclt owrhso liviendt hes amel ocwaolr ladnsd k newo rt hougthhte kyn ewe acoht her. Whiles omes eteh ivsi oleansca er emnaonftl ong-stapnrdiimnogr dcioanl­ flicts, soetieht ae sra ss igonft hed istorotfli oocna l moralb yf woorrcledss (natioannadgl l obawlh)i cohr iginoauttes itdheo sweo rladnsd o vewrh ich loccaolm munitciaenes x ercliistect olnet role.i'1tnhce ars ietb ecomneesc ­ essatrocy o nsihdoewrs ubjectivifteyli-tnt theere ixopre rieonftc heep er­ sont haitn cluhdieossr h erp ositiionan fi se lodf r elatipoonwaelr -pirso ­ ducetdh routghhee xperieonfvc ieo leanncdet hem anneirnw hicghl obal flowisn volviimnagg ecsa,p itaanldp, e opbleec omeen tangwlietdlh o claolg ­ icisn i dentfiotyr matiOounrn. o tioonfns o rmalaintdpy a tholsoegeymt o bea ts taaksew ee xplotrheec onnectbieotwnese tnh dei fferent offvo iro­ms lencteh apte rvadoeu rc ontempowroarrlyd . In1 993t,h ee ditowrhso,a rem emberosft heC ommittoeneC ulture, Healtahn,dH umanD evelopmoefnt th eS ociSacli enRcees earCcohu ncil (NewY ork)p,l annaes de rioefvs o lumteose xamiannet hropolqougeisc­al tioonnst her elatoifvo ino letnocs et atleosc,ca olm munitainedis n,d ividu­ alTsh.e fi rsvto lumSeo, cial (SKulffeeriinnmgDaa nsa,,n dL ock1 997,d) ealt witsho urcaensdm ajofro rmosfs ociaadlv erswiittayhn, e mphasoinsp olit­ icavli olenIctge a.v iel lustroafth ioowtn rsa nsformiantc iuolntsur reaplr e- I 2 VEENDAA SI ARTHURK LENIMAN sentatainodnc so llecetxipveer ieonfcse usff erirnegs haipnet erpersonal respontsoec sa tastraonpdht ee rrIotra .l scoh arttehdee ffecotsf b ureau­ cratriecs pontsoeh su manp robleamnsd f ountdh atth esien stitutional actiocnasn( nado ftedno )d eepeann dm akem orei ntracttahbepl reo b­ lemtsh esye etko a meliorate. Thep resevnotl umteh,es econidno urs erioenss o cidaaln g,ee rxamines thep rocestsherso uwghhi cvhi oleinsca ec tual-iizne tdhes ensteh aitti s bothp roducaendd c onsumeTdh.e c omparateitvhen ograpphrioevsi de graphic acocfto huemn atnsn eirnw hicehv eryldiaifyset ransfoirnmt ehde engagemewintthv iolenbcueti, nd oinsgo t hee ssaaylssi on terrogate the notioofnt hee veryadsat yh es itoeft heor dinaBreyc.a umsoes otf t hee ssays arel ocatiensd p aciensw hicohn goivnigo lehnacseb lurrbeodu ndaries betweevni olenccoen,fl iacntdp, e acerfeuslo luttihoelnyo, o aktt hesies sues froma no ff-the-cpeonstietrii notw no senseFsi.r stth,ea ys kh owp eople engagient h-et asokfds a illiyv irnegh,a bitthiewn ogr lidnt hef ulrle cogni­ tiotnh apte rpetravtiocrtsia,mn sd,w itnescsoemsef romt hes ames ocial spacSee.c ontdh,e sye etkoa nalynzoeto nltyh ee xpliaccitotsfb odihlayr m thaotc cuirnv iolceonntfl ibcutta lstoh em ores ubtfloer mosfv iolepnecre­ petrabtyei dn stituotfsi coinesn acnedt hes tatTeh.et raditiaopnpaeolaf l ethnograhpahsby e etnh ea biltiosty e et hes ociwaolr lidnt ermosfa s cale thaitsc ommensurawbiltfeha ce-toi-nfqauciYere tyt .h eseet hnographies revetahlal ta rgseorc iaaclt osrusc ahs t hes tatien,t ernatoirognaanli zations, andt heg lobmaeld iaas,w elalst ransnatflioownsia nfil n ancaensd p eople, area lilm plicaitnte hdea ctualizoaftt hievo ino letnhcaett r ansfotrhmes everyldiaofyfe l occaolm munitIineo sr.d etrop ortrtahyih se terogeonfe ity contexatust,h owresr ien vitteodd e scrfiobrem osfv ioletnhcaeat r we idely dispersed-tianek tihnngri ico ctsi,v wialra ,n dt hes ubttleec hnolovgiioc­al lencoefo rganiszceide nacneds taptoel icainedps r ograms. Thes trenogftt hh ee thnograpihnti heisvs o lumlei eisnt heicra reful attenttiodo ent aainld t hel ong-teenrgma gemeonftt h ee thnographers witthh ep lacaensdp eoptlhee dye scritbheed:ye monstrtahtateth eriesn o straightftorrawnasrldao tfsi oocnis aclr iipnttsso o ciaaclt iTohne.c ontinu­ ousc reatoifon ne wc onteaxntsd t hes udderne movoaflt hea ccetsoes s tab­ lishceodn tefxrtasm teh em anneirnw hicvhi oleanncdes ubjecttievntidoty becommeu tualilmyp licaitnte hdec ontempowroarrlyWd i.t hopurte sum­ intgo s ummaritzheer icdhe scripitnit ohnees s sawyesi ,n dicsaotmeeo ft he themewsh icbhi ntdh eseet hnograpthoigeest. h er GLOBALF LOWSA NDL OCALL OGICS Takinagc lolsoeo akt c ontempoertahrnyvii ocl enacned w armsa,n ys chol­ arsd iscear bne wildelroisnosgf c onteaxstc ollecitdievnet iftoiregse d throhu gpractiocfet sh en ation-sotrat ther,o ugihm agetsh acta scade