WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA DOMESTIC, MUNICIPAL, AND INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY AND WASTE DISPOSAL Jay Lehr, Ph.D. Editor-in-Chief Jack Keeley Senior Editor Janet Lehr Associate Editor Thomas B. Kingery III Information Technology Director TheWaterEncyclopediaisavailableonlineat http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/eow/ A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication Copyright2005byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved. PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey. PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic, mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStates CopyrightAct,withouteitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriate per-copyfeetotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,978-750-8400,fax978-646-8600,oron thewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthisbook,theymake norepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimany impliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysales representativesorwrittensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitableforyoursituation.Youshould consultwithaprofessionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthepublishernorauthorshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyother commercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages. ForgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicespleasecontactourCustomerCareDepartmentwithintheU.S.at 877-762-2974,outsidetheU.S.at317-572-3993orfax317-572-4002. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprint,however,maynotbeavailablein electronicformat. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailable. Lehr,Jay WaterEncyclopedia:Domestic,Municipal,andIndustrialWaterSupplyandWasteDisposal ISBN0-471-73687-2 ISBN0-471-44164-3(Set) PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10987654321 WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA WATER QUALITY AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT Jay Lehr, Ph.D. Editor-in-Chief Jack Keeley Senior Editor Janet Lehr Associate Editor Thomas B. Kingery III Information Technology Director TheWaterEncyclopediaisavailableonlineat http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/eow/ A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication Copyright2005byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved. PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey. PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic, mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStates CopyrightAct,withouteitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriate per-copyfeetotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,978-750-8400,fax978-646-8600,oron thewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthisbook,theymake norepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimany impliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysales representativesorwrittensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitableforyoursituation.Youshould consultwithaprofessionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthepublishernorauthorshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyother commercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages. ForgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicespleasecontactourCustomerCareDepartmentwithintheU.S.at 877-762-2974,outsidetheU.S.at317-572-3993orfax317-572-4002. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprint,however,maynotbeavailablein electronicformat. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailable. Lehr,Jay WaterEncyclopedia:WaterQualityandResourceDevelopment ISBN0-471-73686-4 ISBN0-471-44164-3(Set) PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10987654321 WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA SURFACE AND AGRICULTURAL WATER Jay Lehr, Ph.D. Editor-in-Chief Jack Keeley Senior Editor Janet Lehr Associate Editor Thomas B. Kingery III Information Technology Director TheWaterEncyclopediaisavailableonlineat http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/eow/ A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication Copyright2005byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved. PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey. PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic, mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStates CopyrightAct,withouteitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriate per-copyfeetotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,978-750-8400,fax978-646-8600,oron thewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthisbook,theymake norepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimany impliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysales representativesorwrittensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitableforyoursituation.Youshould consultwithaprofessionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthepublishernorauthorshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyother commercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages. ForgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicespleasecontactourCustomerCareDepartmentwithintheU.S.at 877-762-2974,outsidetheU.S.at317-572-3993orfax317-572-4002. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprint,however,maynotbeavailablein electronicformat. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailable. Lehr,Jay WaterEncyclopedia:SurfaceandAgriculturalWater ISBN0-471-73685-6 ISBN0-471-44164-3(Set) PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10987654321 WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA OCEANOGRAPHY; METEOROLOGY; PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY; WATER LAW; AND WATER HISTORY, ART, AND CULTURE Jay Lehr, Ph.D. Editor-in-Chief Jack Keeley Senior Editor Janet Lehr Associate Editor Thomas B. Kingery III Information Technology Director TheWaterEncyclopediaisavailableonlineat http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/eow/ A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication Copyright2005byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved. PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey. PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic, mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStates CopyrightAct,withouteitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriate per-copyfeetotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,978-750-8400,fax978-646-8600,oron thewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthisbook,theymake norepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimany impliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysales representativesorwrittensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitableforyoursituation.Youshould consultwithaprofessionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthepublishernorauthorshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyother commercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages. ForgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicespleasecontactourCustomerCareDepartmentwithintheU.S.at 877-762-2974,outsidetheU.S.at317-572-3993orfax317-572-4002. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprint,however,maynotbeavailablein electronicformat. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailable. Lehr,Jay WaterEncyclopedia:Oceanography;Meteorology;PhysicsandChemistry;WaterLaw;andWater History,Art,andCulture ISBN0-471-73684-8 ISBN0-471-44164-3(Set) PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10987654321 WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA GROUND WATER Jay Lehr, Ph.D. Editor-in-Chief Jack Keeley Senior Editor Janet Lehr Associate Editor Thomas B. Kingery III Information Technology Director TheWaterEncyclopediaisavailableonlineat http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/eow/ A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication Copyright2005byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved. PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey. PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic, mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStates CopyrightAct,withouteitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriate per-copyfeetotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,978-750-8400,fax978-646-8600,oron thewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthisbook,theymake norepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimany impliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysales representativesorwrittensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitableforyoursituation.Youshould consultwithaprofessionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthepublishernorauthorshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyother commercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages. ForgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicespleasecontactourCustomerCareDepartmentwithintheU.S.at 877-762-2974,outsidetheU.S.at317-572-3993orfax317-572-4002. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprint,however,maynotbeavailablein electronicformat. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailable. Lehr,Jay WaterEncyclopedia:GroundWater ISBN0-471-73683-X ISBN0-471-44164-3(Set) PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10987654321