What It Means to Be 98% Chimpanzee JONATHAN MARKS What It Means to Be 98% Chimpanzee Apes, People, and Their Genes university of california press berkeley los angeles london UniversityofCaliforniaPress BerkeleyandLosAngeles,California UniversityofCaliforniaPress,Ltd. London,England (cid:1)2002bytheRegentsoftheUniversityofCalifornia LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData ISBN 0-520-90062-6 ManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Thepaperusedinthispublicationisbothacid-freeand totallychlorine-free(TCF).Itmeetstheminimumre- quirementsofANSI/NISOZ39.48–1992(R1997)(Per- manenceofPaper). For Peta and Abby contents List of Illustrations xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 one molecular anthropology 7 two the ape in you 32 three how people differ from one another 51 four the meaning of human variation 72 five behavioral genetics 100 six folk heredity 128 seven human nature 159 eight human rights ...for apes? 180 nine a human gene museum? 198 ten identity and descent 219 eleven is blood really so damn thick? 242 twelve science, religion, and worldview 266 Notes and Sources 289 Index 303