WHO TAKESS CIENCE? A Reporotn StudenCto urseworikn High School ScieMnacteh emaantdi cs RomanC zujkaon dD aviBde rnstein The authowrosu lldi ktoe ac knowletdhgceeo ntribu­ tionosf nau mbeorfi ndiavlisdJ.uo hLna ym'ansen ­ couraegmenatn dd riwveer cee ntratlot haep provoafl fundfso trh isst udHiys.s ubseqeudeinttor riealm arks proveidn valuaasbw leel lB.e verlPyo rterm,an ager ofA lP'Esd ucatianodn E mployment SDtiavtiis­tics siowna,s i nstrumeinnht eallp ingi npp lraonv,i ding direcatinodni nc ommentionngt hem anyd rafotfs thisre pon e The authareor sal soi ndebttote hde ciorl ­ leagMuie,c haNeelu schfaotrtz h,em anyh ourhse gavien a ssiswtiintgth h ea nalytisctrala teagnydi n providiensgs entsital atisadtviiccathelr oughthoeur te ­ port.T hanarkesa lsdou et oD ouglCaamsp belaln d GeorgeP allrfanodrt heir edciotmomrieananltd s perspecatsie vdeuscr astF.oi nallweyar ,e g ratetof ul BobS upifnora desithgenc ionv.ge r Copyrigh©t 19A8m9eri canInsti tute ofPhy sics All rightsre servedN.o part ofthi s publicmatiayob nere produced withoputri owrirtte n penn issiono fth e publisher. International StandardB ook Number0:- 88318-718-3 AlP PublicatioNumbenr : R-34De5ce,m ber1 989 Distributed by Education andEm ployment StatisticsD ivision AmericanIns titute ofPh ysics 335East 45thStre et New YoNrk.e wY ork1 0017 (21626)1 -9404 Printed in the United StateAmse riocfa Price:s incoglpei efrese; multi pleco pieosnre quest WHO TAKES SCIENCE? A Reporotn S tudenCto ursewoirnk HighS chooSlc ienacned M athematics CONTENTS LisotfF iguranedsT abl.e.s. .........................................................i..i.. ............................................. Intruocdtioann Hidg hli.g.ht.s. .........................................................v.. ............................................ A Notaeb othuetD ata ix ......................................................... ......................................................... Chap1te.Nr a tioTnraeln. d..s...... ........ ...................................... .................. ............... . .. ...1.. . ..... ... Chap2t.eR re gioDniavle rsity. . . . 8 ................. ............ ......... ................................ ..................... ...... Chap3t.ePr h syiacnsCd h emi.s..try.. .........................................1..5.. .......................................... Chap4t.eR ra caned EthnBiacc kgr.o.u.nd. .................................2..5. ......................................... Chap5t.eThr e G endGearpi nM athemaantdiS ccise n.c.e. ............3.5. ...................................... Chap6t.ePr o st-SecSochnodoParyll a.n.s. ..................................4..5.. ......................................... AppenAd:i Lx isotfS attewsi theiancG he ograDpihviic.s i.o.n. .........5.4. ................................. AppenBdi:xC orrectEirrnogn ePohuyss Diactsa . . .. .. 55 ...... ................. .. ........................... .......... AppenCd:i Mxe thodolNoogti.ec.sa. ..l... ........................................5.7. ....................................... -i- LISTO F FIGUREASN DT ABLES NATIONTARLE NDS Figures 1.P ercoefnh ti gshc hooofelfrsi pnhgy sbiycs sc hotoylp1 e9,8 7. 2.P ercoefns te nieonrrosl ilenhd i gshc hooofelfrsi pnhgy ssb iycs chotoylp1 e89,7 . 3.P ercoefnh ti gshc hosoeln iwohrohs a vteak esne lemcattehde imcaastn ds ciecnocsuere s, 1890. 4.H igshc hocoulrr icublysu cmh otoylp1 e89,0 . 5.P ercoefnh ti gh sscehnoiwoohlro hs a vteak esne lemcatetdh emaatnidc ss ccioeunrcsee s byc urricutlyup1me9 ,08 . 6.P ercoefnh ti gshc hosoeln iwohrohs a vteak esne lemcatetdh emaatnidsc csi ecnocuer ses bym atheimcaastc hievesmceonrte se narnodl limnae cnotl lpergeep arpartoogrrya m, 1890. Tables 1.N umbeorfs tabtyel se voeflg r aduarteiqounin rteismnm e athemaatnidsc csi en1c89e0, and1 985. 2. Freeqnuctyh apth ysiisoc fsf ebryes di zoefs enicolsra,1 s 987. 3.M eans tandarsdciozreoesnad c hievetmeesintnmts a theimsca,vto cabualnardry e ading byc urricultuymp1 e9,08 . REGIONDAWLE RSITY Figures 7.Y earosfm athemactoimcpsl edtuerdigr nagd e1s-0 1w2i theiancg he ogradpvihiisci on, 1890. 8.Y earosf s ciecnocmep ledtuerdign rga d1e-01s2 w itheiancg he ogradpihviics1 i89o0n., 9.P rjocetecdh anignte h neu mboefrh igshc hogroald uabteetsw e1e9n8a 0n d1 998w ithin each geodgviriaspihoinc. 1.0 Percoefns te nieonrrso lilnae c do llperegpear atoorrg ye necruarrli cuwliutmhe ianc h geogradpihsviiico1 n89,0 . 1.1 Higshc hogorla duaasta ep se rcoefna tl1 l7 a nd1 8y ear-owlidtshe iancg he ographic divis1i89o0n., Tables 4.P ercoefnh ti gshc hosoeln iwohrohs a ve tsakeelne mcattehde mactoiuecrswss i theianc h geogradpihviics1 i89o0n., 5.P ercoefnh ti gshc hosoeln iwohrohs a vtea kseenl esccteidec nocuer wsietshe iancg he o­ grapdhiisvcii ,o1 n908. 6.L evoefle ducataisopniarlwa ittiheoiannc g he ograpdhiivci s1i90o8.n , 7.M eans tandarsdciozreoesnad c hievetmeesintnmts a theimcavsto,c abualnardry e agd in witheiancg he ogradpihviics1 i90o8.n , 8.P ercoefn tc oplrleepgaer saetnoirwoyhr ohs a vtea kseenl emcattehde msaa tnidscc ience courwsietshe iancg he ogradpihvii,cs1 i89o0n. -ii- PHYSIACNSD C HEMITSRY Figures 12.Q uartmieldei,aa nnd m eans tandarsdciozroeendsa chievetmseetinsnt m atheimsca,t vocabualnaryrd e adbiyns gt utd'ses nciebnaccek gr1o9u8n0d., 13.Q uartmieldei,aa nndm eanfsoo rv ergarlalda esrs e porbtyse edn iwoirtdshi efrfesncti ­ encbea ckogurnd1s89,0 . 14.P ercoefns te nieonrrso lilnhe idg h sccurhirocoullt uymp ess cbiyeb naccek gr1o9un8d0,. 15.P ercoefns te niwoirtdshfi freenstc iebnaccek growuhnod sht aavkese pne cmiafitch emat­ iccso usres1,90 8. 16.P erceonfst e niwoirtsdh i efrfesnct iebnaccek growuhnord esp orptaretdi cipianti ng speceixfitrca -curriaccutlisarv1, i9 8ti0e. 17. Anticicpoaltlemedagj eo rbsy s efxo rs tudeenxtpse cttione garn atl eaas bta chelors deegre1,89 0. 18.A nticicpoaltlemedajg roeb ys tundt'ess ciebnaccek grfoousrne dn ieoxrpse cttoie nargn atl eaasb ta chedleogrres1e 89,0 . 19.L evoefle ducataisopniarlba yth iiogsnhc hosocli ebnaccek gro1u90n8.d , Tables 9.S electcehdar acteorifss teinciwsoi rthshi gahp tiwthuodde i ndo tta kpeh ysso ircc hemis­ try,1 890. RACEA ND ETHNIBCA CKGROUND Figures 20.P ercoefnn te wp hysisccaileP nhcDees arn edb yU .SH.i spsan,Bi lacckasn dA merican India1n79s71,-9 85. 21.Q uartmieldei,aa nnd m eans tandarsdciozroeendsa chievetmseetinsnt m atheimsca,t vocabualnarrdye adbiynr ga caen edt hnic ba1ck90g8.r ound, 22.M athemasttiacnsd ardiozfes dt usdcewonirttpesho orre adsiknigbl ylr sa caen de thnic backgro1u89n0d., 23.H igshc hocoolm plertaitofenos r1 8a nd1 9y ear-oblydr sa caen de thnic background, 17941-895. 24.P ercoefns te niwohrohs a vtea kseenl emcattehde imcaastn ds ciecnocuer bsyer sa caen d ethnbiacc kgro1u89n0d., 25.D istribuotfis otnan dardiszceodro enms a themsaa tcihcievetmeebsnytrt a ce eatnhdn ic backgraonucdnu dir crultuymp1 e98,0 . 26.L evoefle ducataisopniarlba ytr iaocanen edt hnbiacc kgr1o9u8n0d., 27. Percoefns te ni1o9yr esa orfsa gaen d oblyrd aecrae n edt hnbiacc kgro1u89n0d., Tables 10.M atheimcaastn ds ciebnaccek groofuh nidgs hc hosoeln iwohross coorvee 6r0 tohne matheimscaa tchievtesemtbe ynr ta caen edt hnbiacc kgr1o9u8nd0,. -iii- 11.N umbeorfh oupreswr e eskp eonnth omewoarsrk e porbtyse edn iwoirtsah b ovaev er­ agaep titude abnyde t rhanbciaecc kgro1u98nd0,. 12.O vermaaltlh emagtriacdreses p orbtyse edn iboyrr asc aen edt hnbiacc kgro1u89n0d., 13.P lafnosfir r syte ara ftheirg h sbcyrh aocoaeln edt hnbiacc kgro1u89n0d., GENDEGRA PI NM ATHEAMTICASN DS CEINCE Figures 28.P ercoefnb ta chedleoegrresis n s eleficetleeddarns e db yw ome1n,79 11-985. 29.A verasgceo roenSs A T-Mb ys ex1,79 19-815. 30.D itrisbutioofsn t andarsdcizoerodenm s a theimcaastc hievetmeesbntysts e ,x1 890. 31.P ercoefnst e niwohrosh avtea kesne lecmtaetdh etimcsaa nds ciecnocueer sbs ys ex, 1890. 32.L ikeliohfto aokdi snegl ecmtatehde maatnidsc csi ecnocuer bsyem sa theimcaastc hieve­ mentte ssotcr aen ds ex1,98 0. 33.P ercoefnb ta chelmoarsst,Pe hrDsa ndp reossfiondaelg reearneesd b yw omen1,79 1- 1985. 34.Pr edominoacnctu patgiooabnlyass l e axn bdy l evoefel d ucataisopniarla1 t89i0o.n , Tables 14. Anticicpoaltlemedajg roeb ys eaxn adc hievleemve1en98lt, 0 . POSSTE CONDASRCHYO OLP LANS Figures 35.L evoefle ducataisopniraalbt yih oings hc hocourlric ulutmy p1e9,08 . 36.O ccupatgioosabn lyalh igshc hocourilrc ultuymp 1e89,0 . 37. Percoefns te niwohrohs a vteak esne lemcattehde maatnidsc csi ecnocrues ebsyl evoefl educataisopniarla1 t9i8o0n., 38.P ercoenfst e niwohrosh avteak entr igonomoeratry lgeIIb rbaya nticicpoaltleedg e majro,1 908. 39. Percoefnst e niwohrosh avteak ecnh emisotrryp hyssb iyca nticicpoaltlemedagj reo, 1908. 40.P redomioncacanuttpi ognoaalbl ysl evoefel d ucataisopniarla1 t90i8.o n, Tables 15. Occupatciaotneagloa rindes su bcateugesodiri net sh Hei gShc ohoaln dB eyonSdut dy, 1908. 16.M edisatna ndardsiczoerodena s c hievtemeesintnmts a themsav,to iccabualnarrdye ading bya nticipatmeadj ro,1c 9o8l0l.e ge 17. Median stasncdoarrodenias zc ehdi evtemeesintnmts a themsav,to iccabualnardre ya ding byl evoefel d ucataisopniarla1 9t8i0o.n , 18.P lafnostr h fires ty eara ftheirgs hc hoboyll e voefel d ucataisopniarla1 t98i0o.n , 19.P ercoefns te nipolrasn ntioan tgt eenidt hate rw oo rf ouyre arc olliengt ehfi er syte ar aftehri gh sccohmopoarlte oda ctueanlr olldmaetbnayt r acaen de thnbiacc kground, 1908. WhoT akeSsci ence? -i-v INTRODUCTION Educatiinao c no,n cepsteunacslae bn,e d escriabste hdie n terbpeltawyet ehqneu aloift y instrucatnidtho en s tundt'es aptist,ua dmebisti,ao nnda spirsa.tI itopsnu rpoisnecsl ude infonnsitnugd eabonutthtse p astte,a chtihnetgmoo petnh emiirn dtson ewp ossibislp,iro ti­e viditnhge wmi tht hteo otlors e atchhe fiurlp lo tenatnida lg,e nperrealplaryti hnegtm ol ead producltiisvv.eThe e informadtsiiucosnes di nt hiresp ordto enso dte adlie rctwliyt h the qualoiftt eya chriantghi;eft roc ,u soenst hset udaenndtt h setru cturcaolm ponoefnt thesed u­ catioennavli ronment. Our inteirnte hsets peicsir fiolcoe f s cieanncdem athemsa itnei dcucatTihoen . scientifico ftl hiaetv eerracacigytei izsie,nnl argpear tt,h ree souflf to rmaeld ucaitnis ocni ­ ence.S ucehd ucahtainsoe nv beere mno riem porttahnatin nt od'asiyn creatseicnhgnloyl ogi­ caslo cieTtogy e.at f eeflosr t udeunntdse'r staannaddp ipnrge coifas tciioenin tic sec ,ri tical toe xamithneeim ra stoefrb yai scs killle vaeslws e lalst heeixrp ostuomr oer e advcaonnc­ed cep.t s Theg oaolft hsri epoirstt op rovisdoem oef t hdea tnae csesrayt oe valuhaotwwe e ltlh e seconsdcarhyo soyls tieswm o rkiAnngy.e xaminoaftit ohnee d ucastyiesomtnb egiwnist h fundamenitsaslus eusca hsl iterraastc,eey q uaaccle stsoq ualeidtuyc atiaonndh, i gshc hool complertaitoeInsta . l seon cpoamsswehse tshetru dheanvtes receiveadn dci onusntrsueclt­ion incgo nsiwsittebhno ttt hh eiirn divaisdpuiarla atnitdoh lneos n tge rnme eodfst hseo ctyi.e Then ationianlt eirnet shtee fif cacoyf theed ucastiyoesnmt t odaeyn cpoamesssm ore thaonu rb ashiucm aintarainaden g alitcarioanrnncs e.I ti sa sloi no ur owni nsteetlrofe st ensutrheei ntelldeecvteulaolpo mfte ondt'a syy outAhs.H arolHdo dgiknso(91n8 5h)a s poinotuettd,o d'aswyo rfko rwciel l ifitrnsed et miernitn cogmeen erbaytt ehsdoe i ndiavsli du currenitntl hyee d ucaptiipoenl Fiunrteh.e rmotroem,o rr'osww orfko rce bews ihlriln king compatroet dhg eor uspi wti lnle etdos uppo"rtI.1n 9 5s0e,v enwtoereknep raisdt hbee nefits foera crhe tirBeye .1 9o9n2lt,yh rweoer rksew ilplr ovtihdfeeun dfso era crhe tiarnede one oft htehr eweo rkewrislb lea m inoyr".i t Thef ocuso ft his rienpiotirisota n lc ourseinw osrcki eanncdme a themaatsoi nces measuorfte h seu ccessaensds hortcoomfti hneegd su castsyitoenmT .h eb ulokft haen alyses descriintb herides p owratsc arrioeudot n t hbea syee ard ata tfhroHemi gShch oo&l B eyond Stuwdhyi cihsd escrliabteiedntr h cihsa ptReerl.a dtaetdfra o m otshoeurra credessi c uesds, wheraep prrioaept,t ofi lolu tth pei ctpurorvei dbeytd h easnea sleys. Thea nalypsoeitsno tt h feol lowgiennge trreanld Mso.s stt udwenhtoes n theirg shc hool witsho lbiads sikci ilnlm sa theimcarste,a dinvgo caanbdu glearityn taoc ollpergeep aratory progrTahme.s tudeonntt hsia sc adetrmaiccark e t hmeo st ltiotk aeklpeyh ycss,ci hemistry, intermeadnidua ptpele erv mealt hemsa.Hti ocwevveerr,fy e wo ft hossteu dewnhtoars e n ot inc ollpergeep araptrooragymr, si nclutdhionwsgie t shtr oncgo gnistkiivtleakl esa ,n oyf t hose scieanncmdea themsac tiocsuresTh.e likeloifhm oaosdt etrhibenas gis ca nodf g ettiinngta o collpergeep aractuorrircyu liussm tr onrgellya ttoe:d 1)w hertehs et udaetntte nds school; 2)t he ns'ttrusad ceiaVbeatchkngriocau nndd ; 3)t he osfte hxse t udent. -v- IntroduacntiHdoi ng hhltisg Iti s recotghnathitez reareed othefra ctaoferfcst itnhgpe r ocoefse sd ucaatnidmo ann y ofth emar ed icsusseind d epitnht hfeol lowpiangge s. Htohweeayvp epret,aro bsee coofn ­ daryi mporttaotn hcmeeai nf actloirssat beodv Thei.sr eposrttre sstehsal te arninfgu ndamen­ taslki lls deoarehlsay v ael ontge rmi mpacItta. l so idseonmtoeif tfi hesese gmeonftht es high spcohpouollaw thioaro enc apable bsutartue dn eoentxt sp otsoej dnu ioarn ds eniloerv el scieanndcm ea themiasct. HIGIll.JGHTS NatioTnraeln ds • Ovetrh ree-qoufart theheri sgs hc hosoeln iionr1 s9 8t0o oakl geIb,ar bao huatl tfo ok geomeatryn da lgeIbIrw,ah illeest sh aonn ien t welhvaedt a kceanl lcuuSse.ni owresr e twiacsel ikteolh ya vteak ecnh emitshtryat noh avtea kpehnsy isc( 3a7n d1 8%r,e spec­ tilvy.e) • In 1980t,h e vmaajsroti toyfs tat(e3s9h )a df we,i f any, rsetqautierweiimdnee n ts mathematisccsi eofnroc are h igshc hodopill omBa.y1 9854,2 s tarteeqsu irtewdo yearosrm oroef e acshu bject. • The likeliohfao soedc ondsarcyh ooofelfr isnugc h coauspr hsyessai ncdcs a lcuilsu s relattothe edty peo fs cho(oplu blic, orco atthhpoerlrii evc)a,t,t h set aitnwe h icthh e schoiosll o caatnedthd e,s izoeft heen rollment. • Abou2t8 %o fa lhli gh sscehnoioarolerb so tehn rolilnae c do llpergeep aractuorrircyu ­ luma nds coarbeo vaev eroangte e sotfms a themaatcihcise veTmheevn at.sm ta jority ofa lslt udewnhtots o ok catrilgcounloumseo,tryr p hyssc iocmfreo mt hissm aglrlo up (796,9an d 66%,r espeyc.)ti Ovnellayh andoffus lt udents wnohto ciwonel rel ege preparaptroorgyr raemgsar,d olfet shsec iorg nistkliilvtseo, oa kn oy ft hocsoeu sr.se RegionDaivle rsity • The overnaulmlbr oe fh igh school pgrjroeacdttueoadd te ecsl biyin1 se0 %b etween 1980a nd1 998.Ho wevtehrne,u mboefrs tudents gfrraotmdh uMeao tuinntgWa iens,t SoutChe ntraanld Pasctiafiwtcie lsal c tuialnlyc readsueri ng thpaetr it(oi2dm32 e,2 and9 %,r espectTihvsue,la y g)r.e aptroepro rtoifto onm orr'oshw igshco holse niors wilblea ttenngsd cihoionml a noyf t hosstea ttheacstu rrenctolmyoe u nte arth eb ottom onm easuorfee dsu caitnmi aotnh emaatincds csi ence. • The studeantttse nsdcihnogio nNl esw E nglaannddt hMei ddAltel anSatttiecgs r aduate witthh meo st rigorousan dm sactiheebnmacacetko igucrns:d soovenrte h-irtdak etri ­ gonomentrye,ar loyn e-arqtuetrak eb othp hysaincdcs h emisatrnyd, oinne ei gthakte calcusl.u • Ovehra lofft he hsicghhos oeln iionrN se wE nglaannddt heMi ddAltel anartiec enrolilnae c do llpergeep aractuorrircyu lmuoms,at s pitora eb achedleogrrsoe rme o re, and they absocvtoerh neea tailoa nveroanga ec hievetmeesintnrts e agd,iv noacbulary anmda theimcast. WhoT akeSsc ience? -vi- • The studeantttse nsdcihnogio nlt sh Eea sSto utChe ntranald WesSto utChe ntrgarla du­ atwei tht hlee arisgto romuasth emasta incds ciebnaccek grouonndlsoy:n es-ixtakteh tri­ gonometry, le1s0s%t athkbaeon t phh ysaincdcs h emisatrnydo, n loyn ei nt wenttayk e calculus. • Comparetdoh igshc hosoeln iionran sy otpharetro fth ec ountrys,t udeinntt hsEe a st SoutChe ntral hthaevl eo weesdtu cataisopnialor nasst,ci olroew eorna chievetmeesntts inre ading vaoncda bularyp,ro paonrdt ifoenwaeotrfet lhye arem enrolilnae c do llege preparaptroorygr a(mb areolnye -aqrut.e r) PhysaincdCsh emistry • Moshti gshc hosoeln i(o6r%s0) h avtea kenne ithpehry sinocrsc hemisDtryra.m atic attritioonc curs earvleyry theinm athemactoiurcsssee quencset ufdoewrnh tods o n ot takpeh ysoircc sh emistry. • Amonhgi gshc hosoeln iotrhsow,sh eo t akpeh yshiacvste h hei ghest achtieesvte ment scoriensm athetimcasr,e adingv oacnadb ulParhyy.s ics stuadlesthnoet mso satr e involinv eexdtr a-curriaccutilvari ties. • Ane ducatiporoncaselss tartwiintgmh a stebriansgs ikci alnldes n rolilnia nnag c ademic curriculwuimlm lo slti kerelsyu litns tudetnakintgs p hysaincds chemaisws etrlyal s aspiritnog gr adufroamt eaf ouyre acro llege. • Lestsh aonn eth irodf t hweo meinn a higshc hocohle misctrlsyaw siltla kpeh ysics, whiolvee hra lofft he mend osw oil.l • Nearl6y0 %o ft hset udewnhtos thaikgesh c hocohle mibsutrynt o pth ysariecf sme ale. • Sutdenwthsoa nticimapjaotreiin neg ducadtuirionncg o llareegt eh lee alsitk eolfay n y othseurrv eymeadj otroh avtea keahn i gshc hocoolu risne phsyo srci hcemisStryut.­ denwthso i ntetnomd a joirn t hhee alstchi enancde sso cial sarec ipernecdeosmi nantly femalaen dare moslti ketlohy a vtea kcehne mibsutrynt o pth yssii nch igshc hool. • Sutdenwthsoa nticipmaajtrinoeg ine ngineoerrit nhgpe h ysisccaile ndcuersic nogl lege are overewlhminmgallyae n dar eth em oslti ketlohy a vceo mpleptheyds iinch si gh school. Racaen Edt hnBiaccgr kound • Therei sa stronrge latiobnesthwieapec nh ievelmeevneitlnre s a dinagn dm athematics. Sutdenwtist bhe loawv erargeea disnkgi larlesl iketloey x hibit similiarn problems mathemsa.tC iocnverstehloysw,ei tshtro ngr eadisnkgi larel sl iketlody o w eliln matheimsca.t • Amongs tudewnittsph o or resakdiinlBgll csak,s aHnids panariec mso rel ikethlayn AsiaonrWs h itteohs a vper obmlswe itmha themaatiswc esl l. • Among stuwdietsnhtrt osn rge adisnkigl lAss,i aannsdW hitarees m orel ikelthya n BlacokrsHi spantioch sa vsetr onmga thecmasst kiills. • 84%o ft heB lacskt udeanntd7s 8 %o ft heHi spansitcu desnctosrl eo weirnt he mathemataicchsi evetmeetsnhtta t nh aev erWahgei tset udent. -vii- IntroducatinodHin g hlights • Amonsgt udewnitthes x ceptmiaotnhaelms aa ticchievetmeessntcret os ,B lcaks tudents are morlei ketlhyas nt udefrnotmas n yo threarc igalr outpot akbeo tphh yiscasn d chemistry. Blcaks tudehnatvhsei gpho st-secsocnhdoeaoxrylp ectbautiptoro npso rtifoenwaar le ly • enrollinec do llpergeep araptroogrrya ms. • Amonsge niwoirtsah b ovaev erage acshcioervieenmsm a etnhtae timsc,H ispaarnei cs thlee alsitk teolb yee nrolilnae c do llpergeep araptroogrrya m. ThGee ndGeapr i nM athemaatniSdcc si ence • Femalseocsrle o wtehra mna loenst esotfms a themaatcihcise vement. • Femaleansd malearsee quallilkyet olt ya kael geIb,br uamt a leasrs eo mewhmoarte liketloty a kgee omeatrlyg,e IbIar nad c hemisItrntriy g.o nomeatrnydc alcsu,hl ouw­ evemra,l oeust numfbmeearl beys3 t o2 . • Malaen dfme aless tudewnhtoss c oerqeu alwleylo lnt hmea themaatcihcise vetmeesntt aree quallilkyte olt ya kceh emiasntrtridyg onoemtry.B utf mealoefsh igmha thematics aptitusdoem earwelh easts tlhiakmneal leoysf s imialpart ittuot daekc ela cusl.u • Sginificafnetwleyfr e malsetu denwtist ehx ceptiaocnhaielv etmeesnsttc oriens mathemattakiepc hsy ssc iocmparteodt hemiarl cel assmwaittiehds e ntitceassltc o sr.e Therea ppetarob eu niqbuaerri ekrese pfimenagl oeusot f p hyscilcass ses. • Evetnh ouwgohm earne p articipaitnti hnlega bfoorer cand inh igheedru caitino n reconrudm betrhse,ary e s tihlela vdirlayw inn tfome aled ominactareede anrds i nfre­ quenmtolvyie n ttroa diiotnamlallcyear eers. • Neithdeiref rfenicnem sa themaatcihcise venmoderin ftfn ecreesm aitnh emaatincdss c i­ encceo urosreckw aanc cofuontrth oev erwheglemnidnegr -driefflenarcteeeidsne duca­ tioannalod c cautpiognoaalls . • In manyw ayst,h aes piraotifo nhsai cghhi efvmeianlger se semlbolwae c hiemvoerres thatnh edyot haes piraotfhi ioganhcs h iemvailnegs . Post-SecSocnhdoPaolryla ns • Sutdenwtist shtr oncgo gnistkiivhleal vshe i gehd ucational anadsa psipritarote i ons prestiogcicouupssa .tio n • Educatpiloananarslre e lattote hdte y poefc urricuilnwu hmi csht udeanretenrs o lled. Howevtehrre,e latiboentswheioepcn c upatioobjnceatilv easn dc urricutlyupsmee ems evesntr onger. • Theries a stronrge latiboentswhelieopnn t ge rmg oaalnsd cotuarkseeOnsf.t hset u­ denwthso e xpeactlt e afsoutry eard egrse,6e 0%t oohki gh schoola ncd3h 2e%m istry toopkh yss.iO cft howsheoe xpelcetst hsa fno uyre adre groenels1y 0 %t oopkh syisc. • Amontgh ceo llege sebnoiuionnrdts,e ntdomi anjgoi rne ducaarteit ohnle e alsitk teol y havtea kheing h spchhyosoailnc idsn termeldeivametalet hemactoriuscess . • Sutdenwthso e xpetcotgr aduafrtoem twoy eari nstiturteiposrneesnth te most WhoT akeSsci ence? -viii-